BLS LLB HISTORY SEM II QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

HISTORY SEM II 

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 

 

QUESTION 4 ANSWER BRIEFLY

(12 MARKS)

Q1: Measures taken for the upliftment of women in Indian society after Independence.

            The Govt. of India was very keen for the emancipation of women. After independence the conditions of women have altogether changed. .

            Provisions in the Constitution: The Constitution of India has given the status of equality to women with men in all walks of life. They have now right to vote like men. They can stand for any election. Thus, they enjoy equal political rights with men. They have right to have equal wages with men for equal work.

            The Hindu Code Bill: This bill was introduced by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar after independence. It was much opposed by orthodox sections. It was passed in separate parts. It accorded an improved legal status to women.

            Special Marriage Act of' 1954: This Act permits persons of two different religions to marry without giving up their faith.

            The Hindu Marriages Act of 1955: This Act prohibits polygamy and provides for judicial separation and divorce in certain cases.

            The Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956: This Act gives women right to adopt a child irrespective of her marital status.

            The Hindu Succession Act, 1956: This Act grants women the right to inherit property. They have equal share in parental property. The law relating to Muslim, Christian and Parsi marriage and inheritance rights are special.

Q2:  Sardar Vallabhai Patel is called as Iron man of India. Justify.

            Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was one of the great social leaders of India. He played a crucial role during the freedom struggle of India and was instrumental in the integration of over SOO princely states into the Indian Union. Despite the choice of the people, on the request of Mahatma Gandhi, Sardar Patel stepped down from the candidacy of Congress president. The election on that occasion eventually meant for the election of the first Prime Minister of independent India. Starting his academic career in a Gujarati medium school Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and shifted to an English medium school. In 1897, Vallabhbhai passed his high school examination and started preparing for law examination. 1910, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel went to England to study law. He completed his law studies in 1913 and came back to India and started his law practice. For his Excellencies in Law, Vallabhbhai was offered many lucrative posts by the British Government but he rejected all. He was a staunch opponent of the British government and its laws and therefore decided not to work for the British.

            He later started practicing at Ahmedabad. After a meeting with Mahatma Gandhi, at the Gujarat Club, Sardar' Vallabhbhai Patel got influenced by Gandhi's words. Later, inspired by Gandhi’s work and philosophy Patel became a staunch follower of him.

Indian National Movement - In 1917, Sardar Vallabhbhai was elected as the Secretary of the Gujarat Sabha. The next year, when there was a flood in Kaira, the British insisted on collecting tax from the farmers. Sardar Vallabhbhai led a massive "No Tax-campaign" that urged the farmers not to pay their land. The peaceful movement forced the British authority to return then land taken away from the farmers His effort to bring together. the farmers of his area brought him the title of 'Sardar' to his name.

            In 1930 Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel- was imprisoned for participating in the famous Salt Satyagraha called by Mahatma Gandhi. His inspiring speeches during the "Salt Movement" transformed the lives of numerous people, who later played a major role in making the movement-successful. Sardar Patel was freed in 1931 following an agreement signed between Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin, the then Viceroy of India. The treaty was popularly known as the Gandhi-Irwin pact.

            Integration of princely states:  At the time of independence, Indian Territory was divided into three parts. First, the territories under the direct control of the British government second were the territories over which the hereditary rulers had suzerainty. The regions, which had been colonized. by France and Portugal, formed the last. India, without the integration of these different territories under one roof, could not be considered as a unified and total country. It was a stupendous task for the ruling party, to persuade the rulers of these states to join. According to British government, the province rulers had the liberty to choose how they wanted to be ruled. They were given two choices. They could join either of India and Pakistan or stay independently. The stance of the British government had made the task much difficult for India. At this point many leaders of the congress approached the rulers but they failed to convince. At last, they all made a request Valinbhbhai Patel to think some other options to bring the princely rulers under Indian control. Sardar Patel eventually dealt with the tough-situation and came out successfully. He had made secured their accession. Therefore, the state of India we see today was a result of the efforts put in by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. That’s why he was called Iron man of India.

Q3:  Provisions of the Regulating Act of 1773

            By 1773 it was clear that the East India Co. was no longer a Company for the extension of commerce, ‘but in reality a delegation of the whole power and sovereignty of this Kingdom sent into the East. The affairs of the Co. when they came before Parliament moved the latter to refuse an Act which altered the Constitution of the Co., changed the subjected to some extent the whole of the territories to office supreme control in India and provided in a very lose manner of the supervision of the Co. by the ministry. The Regulation Act provided for the erection of a judiciary appointed directly by the Crown. The Charter of 1774 was of one effect with minor additions to the express provisions of the Act, superseding for Calcutta the provisions of the Charter of 1753. The Supreme Court was constituted of a Chief Justice and three puisne judges. But the legislation left wholly untouched the nature of the law to be administered in the court. It followed therefore, that it must be English law as far as it could be adapted to Indian conditions. The legislation gave the court authority over British subjects or subjects of His majesty, and persons employed by the Company or by British subjects. By British subjects it presumably meant the residents of Calcutta and probably those of the twenty- four parganas and even of Burdwan, Chittagong and Midnapur. The court extended it to cover a great native landlord forming the revenues and those natives imprisoned by the collectors. The happenings in India under Warren Hastings and the affairs of the Company caused Parliament to appoint a select committee in 1781 to consider the administration of justice in India resulting in the Act of 1781, which readjusted the judicial arrangement in Bengal.

Q4: Examine the main features of the Government of India Act, 1935.

            Provisions - This Act conferred a substantial amount of autonomy on the provinces of British India and for the time established responsible government. The concept of federalism was also introduced for the first time, comprising the Provinces and the Indian States. The composition of the Council of States was to be 156 members for British India and up to 104 for the Princely States. The whole idea of the federation could be fulfilled only by the general accession of the Princely States. As the Indian States showed reluctance to join the federation and the Second World War intervened, the .Central Legislature was never constituted under the provisions of the Act. According to the Act, the British Indian members were not to be directly elected but indirectly elected by Provincial Assemblies with the exception of six, who were to be nominated by the Governor- General in order to secure due representation for the depressed classes, women and minority communities. In six of the Provinces too the Legislatures were bicameral- House of Assembly and a Legislative Council. Communal representation was continued with some weightage in favor of the Muslims and Sikhs in some Provinces. Diarchy was abolished in the Provinces but introduced in the Center. The Governor role in the Provincial administration was largely modeled on that of the Governor-General, from whom he differed in the fact that there was no important department of government which was reserved for the control of ministers. The Act of 1935. Thus made detailed provisions for the administration of the Provinces and the centre through the Legislatures. It is evident, that while granting greater powers

to the Legislatures safeguards were provided 'for the preservation of the superior powers of the executive which by its responsibility to the" Secretary of State represented the Crown, i.e., British interests in India. The development of Legislatures in British India reached their final point with the Government of India Act, 1935. It was for the Constituent Assembly to take it further and ensure the independence of the Legislature from the executive and judiciary.

Q4: Explain the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961 with reference to

            Definition of Dowry: Section 2 of the Dowry Prohibition Act defines the term dowry as any property or valuable security given or agreed to be given either directly or indirectly by one party to a marriage to the other party to the marriage; by the parents of either party to a marriage or by any other person, to either party to the marriage or to any other person; at or before or any time after the marriage in connection with the marriage of the said parties, but does not include dower for mahr in the case of persons to whom the Muslim Personal Law applies.

Penalty for giving or taking dowry: Section 3 of the Act provides penalty for giving or taking dowry. If any person, after the commencement of this Act, gives or takes or abets the giving or taking of dowry, 'he shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than five years, and with fine which shall not be less than fifteen thousand rupees or the amount of the value of such dowry, whichever is more. But the Court may, for adequate and special reasons to be recorded in the judgment, impose a Sentence of imprisonment for a term of less than five years.

Q5:  Provisions of the Charter Act of 1853.

            The Charter of the company was renewed again in 1853. According to the new Act, the Law member was made a full member of Executive Council. of T the Governor General.

Governor-General was, given power to nominate Vice-President of his council. Discussion of measures, which had already, began, was thrown open to public; Different legislative members were entrusted “to select committees for examination. Consent of Governor-General was made necessary for all legislative proposals.  

1)         Provinces were allowed to send one representative each to the Central legislative Council. No measure concerning any province was to be considered unless the representative from that province was present. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Calcutta was to be an Executive Officer member of the Council and one more member was also to be appointed. The Governor General was given the power of appointing two more civil servants as the member of the Council. However, the power was never exercised. The Council in its legislative capacity was to consist of 12 members. These were the Governor General, Commander-in-Chief, four members of the Council, and six legislative members. Out of these six members, four were the representatives from the provinces and the other two were the Chief Justice and a Supreme Court judge. Representatives from the provinces were given 5000/- Pounds annually. There was at least one member present with local knowledge and what may be called the English element the Council was greatly increased.

2)         Provisions were made for the appointment of a separate Governor for the Presidency of Bengal and until that were made, the Court of Directors might authorize the Governor

General of India in Council to appoint a convenient servant of ten years standing as the Lt. Governor of the province. The latter appointment was made, as it was the cheaper of the two.

3)         Power was given to the Court of Directors to constitute a new Presidency. Power was also given to alter and regulate from time to time the limits of various provinces. This power was used to create the Punjab into Lt. Governorship.

4)         The patronage of the Court of Directors was taken away. In future vacancies were to be filled up by competitive examination. A committee was appointed in 1854 with Lord Macaualy as President for the purpose.

5)         The number of the Directors was reduced from 24 to 18 and six were to be nominated by the Crown.

6)         The Act authorized the Crown to appoint a Law Commission in England. This Law Commission was required to examine and put into mass of reports and drafts of the Act left by Indian Commission and to recommend what legislation was necessary. The appointment of the English Law Commission was resented. It made the Home government interfere in the details of the Indian' Legislative Enactments and attempted to reduce Indian Legislative Council to the position of a mere registration office. Sir Charles Wood quarreled with Lord Dalhousie on the question of the extent of the independence to be allowed Council.

7)         The Charter Act of 1853 renewed the powers of the Company and allowed to retain possession of the Indian territories "in trust for Her Majesty, her heirs and successors" Parliament shall otherwise provide.

Q6:      Discuss the role of press in bringing about reawakening in India.

            The Press and newspapers played an important role awakening the people of India. The press and newspaper enabled people to be informed and educated. Through these newspapers, it was possible to have a dialogue with the rulers Indians expressed their reaction to unjust measures adopted by the rulers. People got aware of their sufferings. They same to know about the tortures and harassments imposed by the rulers on the poor people of the country. They got information and facts about rulers and how they are using the Indian people. The Indian press aroused feelings of national consciousness among people. Many newspapers were published indifferent parts of the country such as the Amrit Bazar Patrika, The Hindu, The Patriot, the Maratha, the Indian Mirror and many more. They criticized the unjust policies of the rulers and played a vital role in fostering political sentiments among the people; Literature in different ‘Indian Languages also contributed rousing patriotism in India. Writes like Bankim Chatarjee gabindranath Tagore and many others played an important We in promoting national consciousness among the people of Indians and prepared them for the national struggle. The rulers got upset because of this and tried their best to stop them as the vernacular press generally criticized the irrational policies of the .British rulers. Because of this criticism, they passed an Act, according to which the press could not publish any material that might excite feelings of dissatisfaction against the Government. It caused great discontent among Indians but it was too late to suppress their awakenings as they had already aroused feelings of self-confidence, patriotism and nationalism among the people.

Q7:      Discuss the working of the Prarthana Samaj.

            The leading social reformer of the 19th century, Mahadev Govind Ranade founded the Prarthana Samajunder the inspiration of Kesab Chandra Sen, in Bombay. The followers of the Prarthana Samaj never "looked upon themselves as adherents of a new religion or of a new sect, outside and alongside of the general Hindu body but simply as a movement within it”. In fact, as Ranade maintained, “we do not want to break with the past and cease all connection with our society We do not desire to give up our hold on the old established institutions". He was not prepared to “abandon society because it tolerates what seems to them to be great evils”. According to him, there was an' ideal Hindu society in old days but evils crept in during a period of depression, when in panic weakness, a compromise was made with the brute forces of ignorance and superstition. He cited as instances the “dependent status of women, infant marriage, prohibition of remarriage of widows, restriction of marriage within the narrow circle of the sub-caste to which one belonged, ignorance and seclusion (purdah) of women, prohibition of foreign travel,

various kinds of abstentions enforced upon women, restrictions as to inter-dining among various castes, untouchbility, etc.", which were innovations without scriptural approval or sanction. Ranade forcefully argued against making distinctions between

man and man as all are the children of God. Ranade believed that “in living organism as a society is, no revival is possible, and, reformation was one of self effort and could not be done by substitution”. The Prathna samaj attacked the restrictions and inequalities of the caste system and other social evils. it did much to improve the lot of women.

                                                                                      

Q8:         Indian Independence Act, 1947.

            The British Government went ahead with its promised legislation, the Indian Independence bill was introduced in Parliament on July 4, 1947 and the Indian Independence Act was enacted after a fortnight on July 18. The Act did not provide for any new Constitution of India. It was only an Act enables the representatives of India and Pakistan to frame their own Constitutions and to provide for the exceedingly difficult period of transition. In other words, the Act merely formalized and gave legal effect to promise made by Lord Mountbatten in his 3rd June Plan. The Act provided for the Partition of India and the establishment of the two Dominions (India and Pakistan) from the appointed date August 15, 1947 and for the legislative supremacy of these Dominions. The British Government divested itself of all powers and control over the affairs of the Dominions after the 15” of August. Pending the adoption of a new constitution for each Dominion, the existing Constituent Assembly would be Dominion Legislature, and either Dominian or every. Province would be governed by the provisions of the G Government of India Act, 1935. Each Dominion was empowered to modify this Act, through its governor General upto March 31, 1948 and thereafter by its Constituent Assembly.

               The Act converted India from a dependency of the Crown into two independent Dominions within the British Commonwealth Nations. The word independent emphasized freedom from control of the British Parliament and Whitehall. The independence Act was the swan song of the British power as far as India as concerned and was acclaimed as the ‘the noblest and greatest law ever enacted by the British Parliament' The Act of 1947 not only closed a chapter, it also at the same time opened a new and glorious chapter of free India.

Q9:      Hunter Commission 1882. 

            Hunter Educational Commission: A landmark in the history of education in India was the report of the Hunter’s Commission in 1882. The Commission made it remarks in relation to secondary and primary education. It visited all the provinces and made not less than 200 recommendations. The important ones are as follows:

1)         Private interests and initiative at all stages of education should be encouraged. To achieve this objective it recommended the extension and liberalization of the grants in aid system and recognition of aided schools as equal to government institutions in respect of status and privileges.

2)          The state should take special care for the extension and improvement of primary education. Primary education should be brought under the control of the newly set up District and Municipal Boards.

3)         The government should try to stop as early as possible running secondary schools and colleges.

4)          The commission recommended the spread of female education in the country.

5)          The commission recommended that special attention should be paid towards the development of education among the Muslims.

6)          The commission emphasized that though any sort of religious education was to be always excluded, yet some arrangement must be made to make the students realize the right from the wrong. For this purpose moral text books could be prepared. There shot fid be series of lectures in each class on the duties of man and citizen. Besides moral education the commission also laid emphasis on importance of physical education.

              The Hunters Commission marks an important stage in the history of education in India. Majority of its recommendations were adopted by the government. This resulted in the control of education going down to the local bodies. The British element in the teaching and the inspecting departments was considerably lowered. The twenty years following the report of Hunter Commission saw an unprecedented growth and expansion of secondary to collegiate education. Another development of the period was the setting up of the teaching cum examining universities. In 1882 the Punjab University was established on “the supreme literary, supreme teaching and supreme examining body". The establishment of this university lessened the burden of the Calcutta University. In 1887 the Allahabad University was founded.

Q10:     Sallient features of Indian Constitution.

              The important features of the Indian Constitution are as follows:

1)          A written ‘Constitutions the Constitution is of two types i.e. written and unwritten. The Constitution of England is unwritten. Only certain customs and conventions are taken into consideration while deciding various issues But the Constitution of India is in a written form. It contains about 395 Articles and 9 Schedules and lays down definite norms in the form of administrative provisions, Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and various other useful things.

2)          Preamlble: The Preamble is an introduction. It resolves to constitute India into a “Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, and Democratic Republic". This Preamble explains the form of the Govt. for India.

3)          More Flexibility: Indian Constitution is more flexible and less rigid. Only a few Articles of the Constitution require approval by one-half of the total State Legislature for their amendment.

4)          Fundamental Rights : The Constitution provides for a large number of fundamental rights, which are guaranteed to every citizen of India. Article 12 to 35 prescribes these rights. There are seven groups of them viz. Right to Equality, Right to Freedom, Right to Freedom of religion, Right against Exploitation, Cultural and Educational Rights, Rights to property, Right to Constitutional remedies. The Right to

property has been deleted and Article number 31 has been providing in its place. Article 31A provides for the acquisition of estate these fundamental rights ensure different kinds of rights like, the prohibition of discrimination on ground of religion, race, castes, colour, sex or place of birth, abolition of untouchability etc.

5)          Directive Principles of the state policy: These principles relate to these matters which the Govt. of India has kept in view for the welfare of the people in the country. These principles require the state to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of people. They relate to equal justice and free legal aid, organization of village Panchayats. They provide for right to work, to education, for just and humane condition of work, uniform civil code for all the citizens.

6)          Independence of Judiciary: The Constitution of India has made the judiciary independent of the Executive and Legislature. Article 50 directs the state to take steps to separate the judiciary from the Executive in the Public Services. Part V and Part VI give the details regarding the. Establishment and Constitution of Supreme Court and High Courts in the states and lay down the service of the judges. These conditions ensure the independence of the judiciary.

7)          Modern setup: Some ancient political ideas and institutions, which were not suitable or acceptable or have been outdated, do not find place in the Constitution of independent India Many provisions have been borrowed from the constitution other countries of the world, and it is made suitable to the Indian Constitution. The modern ideas regarding the development of man’s personality have been taken into consideration and accordingly many provisions have been made for political equality, equality before law, social equality etc.

8)          Parliamentary Government: The Constitution of India has adopted the British model of responsible Government. The real powers are with the Prime Minister, who is the head of the Government. A vote of confidence can dismiss the Council of Ministers either at the center or at the state level.

9)          Federal structure with unitary features: The Constitution of India has all the basic characteristics of a federal government, a written constitution, division of powers between the central and state governments and an independent judiciary. The powers are classified in three lists- the Union list, the State list and the Concurrent list.

10)        Single citizenship: Although the Constitution has provided India with a federal structure in which there are two sets of governments, it has given only a single, all India citizenship to an Indian. ‘

Q11:     Explain the views of Dadabhai Naoroji on the drain of Indian wealth to Britain.

              Drain Of Wealth: English earned an enormous income of lacs of rupees from land revenue taxes on  items like salts, and the custome duties, monopoly of opium trade, the income tax administration were sources in India. The expenses on Indian balance Went to the England treasury as it were an indemnity paid by India. Beside this England carried away crores of rupees under the name of ‘Home Charges’. Higher positions in the Indian administration and the army were refused for the Europeans who were paid fat salaries. Their pensions after retirement were paid from the Indian treasury. India did not receive any benefit in return of this flow of money out of India. Dadabhai Naorojee held that the British Government responsible for the poverty of India. He described drain of wealth as the evils of all evils. He said that the lot of India is a very sad one her condition of that of master and a slave; but it is worse; it is that of a plundered nation in the hands of constant plunderers with the plunder carried away clean out of land. British method of exploitation was although less painful but was more thorough and resembled the blood-sucking leeches. The British took away raw material required for the British industries from India and made all efforts to sell the British finished goods in India. As a result the traditional Indian Indigenous industries received a huge blow, Dadabhai Nawrojee threw light on the economic exploitation of India by the British He postulated that the expense ‘ on the Railways and Telegraphs, and expenses incurred on the war on behalf of England, the salary and payments to the officers of India in England were made from the Indian treasury The drain of wealth checked land retarded capital accumulation in India, thereby retarding the industrialization of India. Indian products and treasure drained to England without adequate return was of great help in creating conditions in that country conducive for the growth of British factory industry in the early stages of industrial revolution. Thus, India's wealth went to England and India suffered a great economic drain. This resulted in growing consciousness in Indian Society about the evil effects of the British economic policies.

Q12:     Explain the working of diarchy in the Provincial Government as           established by the government of India Act, 1919.

              In 1918, Montague the secretary of state and chemlford, the Viceroy produced  their scheme of constitutional reforms which lad to the passing of the Government of India Act 1919. By these reforms the provincial Legislative Councils were enlarged and the majority of their members were to be elected. Provincial Governments were given more powers under systemof Dyarchy. Under this system some subjects such as finance and law and order, were called ‘reserved’ subjects and remained under the direct control of the Governor. Other such as education, public health, and self-government were called; ‘transferred’ subjects and were to be controlled by ministers responsible to the legislature. the transferred subjects' to be administered by the, Governor with the aid of the Ministers responsible to the Legislative Council was composed mainly of  elected members. This was the responsible government to a limited extent while the ‘reserved’ subjects were to ,remain the responsibility” of the Governor and his Executive Council, which was not responsible to the legislature. The Governor could override both the ministers and the Executive Council.

              At the centre, there were two houses of legislative, the lower house the Legislative Assembly and the upper house the Council of State. However the Provincial legislature continued to be unicameral.

Q13:     What role has the Mandal Commission Report played in the upliftment           of SC/ST? ,

              The Constitution of India (Part XVI) mentions “special provisions relating to certain classes". Apart from listing special provisions for the scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Anglo-Indian community (which took the form of reservations

ln Lok Sabha, Legislative Assemblies of states, in services and Posts and Education and Grams etc.),it also (vide Article 340 of the constitution) makes a` provision for appointment of a commission to investigate the conditions of socially and educationally backward classes, popularly known as Other Backward Classes(O.B.C) within the territory of India. A commission popularly known as the Mandal Commission was appointed to look into grievances of the Backward Classes. The chairman ol’ this Commission was Mr. B.P. Mandel. The Mandal Commission submitted its report in August, 198O.The report supported the system of caste-based reservations, identified over 450 backward classes, comprising 52% of the country’s

population and further recommended reservation of 27% of the seats in academic institutions and jobs in Government addition to the existlng.22.5% jobs quota reserved for SC and ST. In 1990, Mr. V P Singh, the Prime Minister of India of the National Front Government, accepted the recommendations of the Mandal Commission and committed his Government to its implementation. He announced that 27% of the jobs in the Central Government, and Public Sector Undertakings will be reserved for the socially and educationally backward classes popularly known as the OBC.

              In the first phase, the benefit of reservation has been extended to the castes and communities which are common to the lists of the Mandal Commission Report as well as the State Government Lists.

Q14:     Evaluate the role of social reformers for women's education.

              Time and again the Indian social reformers have successfully contributed in eradicating the social evils. While some voiced their support for women education, some Indian social reformers supported widow remarriage. Owing to theirendeavors and reforms Indian society underwent sea changes. In contemporary India the practice of Sati is banned; girls are provided proper education and most significantly; women are confident and aware to fight for their rights,” irrespective of the fact they are homemakers or employed. While discussing about the Indian social reformers it must be noted that initially it were primarily men who supported woman emancipation. Indian personalities like Swami Vivekananda, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Dayanand Saraswati, Raja Ram Mohan Roy and others spoke up for the development and enlightenment of women. The Indians social reforms consistent efforts were recognized even by the British imperialists. Under the British rule the Indian social reformer also popularized western education as they realized it was necessary for the Indians to' know-more about the world that lay beyond their own health. In India society and religion are interconnected. Hence the religious evils, such as, superstition, blind faith and others have affected the society again and again. Alongside the religious leaders the Indian social reformers also strove to liberate the people from such prevalent vices. The reformers in India have worked towards building a better' nation without any bias. Hailing from different religious and social backgrounds, they have adopted _simple methods to educate the masses. Songs, poetry in colloquial languages, moral tales, organizing community works and others are some of the methods that the Indian social reformers implemented to achieve their aims. However, apart from all _these oppositions, Savltribai yet continued to teach the girls., Whenever Savitribai went out of her house, groups of orthodox men would follow her and abuse her in obscene language. They would throw rotten eggs, cow dung, tomatoes and stones at her. She would walk meekly and arrive at her school. Fed up with the treatment meteor out to her/she even decided to give up. But it was because of her husband that she continued with her efforts. He told Savitribai Jyotiba who was working for women’s education had started the first girl’s school and required women teachers to assist him. Jyotiba educated and trained Savltribai, his first and ideal candidate for this job of a teacher. Savitribai and Jyotiba faced fierce resistance from the orthodox elements of society for this. Jyotiba sent her to a training school from where she passed out with flying colours along with a Muslim lady Fatima Sheikh. When. Savltribai "completed her studies, she, along with her husband, started a school for girls in Pune in 1848. Nine girls, belonging to different castes enrolled themselves as students.

Q15:     Discuss the evolution of reservation policy in India after Independence.

              Indian Government now Indian law provides for a quota system whereby a percentage of posts are reserved in employment in Government and in the public' sector units, and in all public and private educational institutions, except in the religious linguistic minority educational institutions, in order to mitigate backwardness of~ the socially and educationally backward communities and the Scheduled Castes 'and Tribes who do not have adequate representation in these services and institutions. The reservation policy is also extended to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes for representation in the Parliament of India. The Central Government of India reserves 27% of higher education, and individual states may legislate further reservations. Reservation cannot be exceeded 50%, as per the rulings given by the Supreme Court, but certain Indian states like Rajasthan have proposed a 68 % reservation- which includes a 14% reservation for forward castes.

Reservations are intended to increase the social diversity in campuses and workplaces by lowering the entry criteria for certain identifiable groups that are grossly under-represented in proportion to their numbers in the general population. Caste is the most used criteria to identify under-represented groups. However there are other identifiable criteria for under representation- gender (women are under-represented), state of domicile (North Eastern States like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh are under-represented), rural people, etc. as revealed by the Government of India. The underlying theory is that the under-representation of the identifiable groups is a legacy of the Indian caste system. After India gained independence, the Constitution of India listed some erstwhile groups as Scheduled Castes (SC) are Scheduled Tribes (ST). The framers of the Constitution believed that, due to the caste system, SCs and the STS were historical oppressed and denied respect and equal opportunity in Indian society and were thus under-represented in nation-building activities. 'The Constitution laid down 5 15% and 7.5% of vacancies to government aided educational institutes and for jobs in the government/public sector, as reserved quota for the SC and ST candidates respectively for a period of five years, after which the situation was to be reviewed. This period was routinely extended by the succeeding governments. Later, reservations were introduced for other sections as well. The Supreme Court ruling that reservations cannot exceed 50% (which it judged would violate equal access guaranteed by the Constitution) has put a cap on reservations. However, there are State laws that exceed this 50% limit and these are under litigation in the Supreme Court. For example, the caste-based reservation fraction stands at 69% and is applicable to about 87% of the population in -the state of Tamil Nadu.

Q16:     During Second World War the provision faced several Restrictions.    Elucidate.

              Indian States (Protection) Act, 1934 »- The object of this Act was to prevent unreasonable attacks and the administration if Indian States in the newspapers of British India and provide authorities in British India with powers to deal with bands or

demonstrators organized 'on semi-military lines, for the purpose of entering and spreading disaffection in the territories of the Indian States. The above laws continued to remain in force up to 1939 when the World War II broke out. In order to meet the difficult situation, the Government of India was forced to pass the Defense of India Rule. The Government' also framed rules known as the Defense of India Rules. These rules enabled the Government to control the Indian Press, for six long years. Action was taken against those newspapers which dared to violate the above rules and laws. However, the Act and the Rules lapsed after the ending of the World War II.

Q17:     Trace the empowerment of women through participation in Indian      politics.

              Indian democracy is more than 50 years old low yet the ideals of democracy are far from destination especially for women in India. Women play a marginal role in politics. Their political participation is almost invisible; however, importance of women’s political participation for a viable democratic polity is being increasing realized in all the corners of the world, women section of society almost form help of the population in any country and to think of a democratic government without their participation is unthinkable. To empower them socially, economically, educationally and politically will require their decision making capabilities. The present study has been conducted in the regional context of composite Bihar. The study seriously examines and analyses that how with lowest female literacy, poverty, poor health, socio-economic and educational status, women of Bihar can play a vital role in state

and national politics. The quality of the study has been also examined -at all India level and the results are stunning. The study will be of great value to political students, Research school are in particular and to all who have interest in women empowerment and their political participation..

Q18:     Discuss the economic Impact of the British rule India.

              Economic impact of the British rule In India was really vast. The chief motive of the British to establish political control in India was mainly associated with the exploitation of economic and commercial conditions of the country. They wanted to establish a colonial market in this country for the British goods. British impact on the economic conditions of India was really devastating and harmful. Britain used the most complicated methods to exploit India's vast rich economic reserves of India. After a control of two hundred years the British completely shattered the economic set up of India. As a result, after the independence, the scenario of the country was that of an economically underdeveloped nation with hunger, poverty, low national income, etc. Economic Impact of British' rule on Agriculture and Land Revenue - Indian agriculture received major attention under the East India Company. It was mainly because of the fact that the chief source of the state income was land revenue. Moreover, the British government mainly wanted to establish their agricultural base in this country-. So that the agricultural produces in India could provide cheap raw materials to industries in England. Further, East India Company tried various experiments to maximize the land revenue by resort to the method of oppression and repression to the peasants. The complicated system of land revenue created at group of moneylender, who otherwise oppressed the poor peasants by

lending them at high interests. The poor cultivators could not repay those high interests and, ultimately submitted to those moneylenders.

Q19:     The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre of 1919.

              The Jallianwala

              Baugh massacre, also known as the Amritsar massacre, was a seminal event in the British rule of India. On 13 April 1919, a crowd of non-violent protesters, along with Baishakhi pilgrims, had gathered in the- Jallianwala Bagh garden in Amritsar, Punjab to protest the arrest of two leaders despite a curfew which had been recently declared. On the orders of Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer, the army fired on the crowd for ten minutes, directing their bullets largely towards the few open gates through which people were trying to run out. The dead numbered between 370 and 1,000, or possibly more. This brutality stunned the entire nation, resulting in a wrenching loss of faith of the general .public in the intentions of Britain. The ineffective inquiry and the initial accolades for Dyer by the House of Lords fuelled widespread anger, leading to the Non-cooperation movement of 1920-22. On Sunday, 13 April 1919, Dyer was convinced of a major insurrection and he banned all meetings, however this notice was not widely disseminated; 'That was the day of Baisakhi, the main Sikh festival, and many villagers had gathered in the Bagh. On hearing that a meeting had assembled at Jallianwala Bagh, Dyer went with fifty Gurkha riflemen to a raised bank and ordered them to shoot at the crowd. Dyer continued the firing for about ten minutes, until the ammunition supply was almost exhausted; Dyer stated that 1,650 rounds had been fired, as number which seems to have been derived by counting empty cartridge cases picked up by the troops. Official British Indian sources gave a figure of 379 identified dead, with approximately 1,100 wounded. The casualty number estimated by the Indian National Congress was more than 1,500, with approximately 1,000 dead.

              The massacre caused a re-evaluation of the army's role, in which the new policy became minimum force, and the army was retrained and developed suitable tactics for crowd control. This episode was a decisive step towards the end of British rule in India.

Q20:     Explain the British Economic Policy with reference to -

              The Urban handicraft industries were very well organized into guild. The Indian industries during the British Rule decline because of many reasons, some of which are as follows:

              1)       The Industrial revolution and free trade policy of the British Government broke the backbone of the Indian industry. Indian industry could not face the excessive competition and gradually decline.

              2)       The loss of Royal Patronage was another responsible factor for the decline of Urban Handicraft industries. The handicrafts were patronized and supported by the Indian King and noblemen especially the Royal persons purchased the luxurious commodities and the costly articles. However, by the middle of

the 19” century most of the Indian Princely states had lost their political power as well as wealth. Even the royal courts disappeared which had an adverse effect on many handicrafts, such as silk embroidery and dyeing industry.

              3)       Changes in lifestyle: The British rule influenced the life style of the Indian people. The demand of traditional handicraft goods was reduced and the demand for English goods increased. This change in attitude of customers affected the demand for Indian handicraft industries.

              4)       The competition from European Factory Products was another factor responsible for the decay of the handicraft industries. The machine made products of England was of lower prices. These were not only cheaper but standardized too. The inability of Indian handicraft goods to compete with the machine made goods led to decline of the handicraft industries.

              5)       Deterioration of quality was also responsible for the decline of handicraft industries. Due to the reducing demand the quality of handicraft goods suffered seriously.

              6)       Decline of Guilds: The Guilds played an important role in the handicraft industries in pre British India. They controlled the quality of the products and regulate trade. They manufactured a high standard of workmanship. They even supervised various mercantile activities; But the British rulers weakened the guild

system in India that led to the decline of handicraft industries.

 Q21:     Explain the provisions of the Indian Councils Act of 1892.

              Main Provisions of the Act - The Indian Council Act 1892 dealt exclusively with the powers, functions and composition of the Legislative Councils in India. With regard to the Central Legislature, the Act provided that the number of additional members must not be less than ten or more than sixteen (subject to the approval of the Secretary of State in Council the Governor General was to make regulations under which that nomination of the additional members was to made). The significant feature of the Act was the principle of election which it introduced, though the_ word election was very carefully avoided in it. The Act widened the functions of the legislatures. The members could ask questions and thus obtain information which they desired from the executive. The financial accounts of the current year and the budget for the following year were presented to the legislatures, and the members were permitted to make general observations on the budget and make suggestions for increasing or decreasing; revenue for expenditure. The recognition of the principle of election veiled by the Act of 1892 was a measure of considerable constitutional significance.

Drawbacks of the Act: There were many drawbacks and shortcomings in the Act of 1892 by reason of which the Act failed to satisfy Indian nationalists. The Act was criticized at successive sessions of the Indian National Congress. Critics pointed out that the system of election in the Act was not satisfactory. The right of election to the Legislatures enjoyed by the local bodies and by other electorates amounted merely to nomination by these bodies, built was up to the government to accept or reject them. The functions of the Legislative Councils were strictly circumscribed. The members could not ask supplementary questions. Any question could be disallowed and there was no remedy against it. The Councils did not get any substantial control over the budget. The rules of elections were unsatisfactory. Certain classes were oven represented while others did not get any representation at ali.

Answer the following in one sentence: (2MARKS)

Q1:       What change was brought about by the passing of better Government          of India Act 1858?

              The Government of India, Act 1858 was passed by British Parliament to transfer the government of India from the Company to British Crown, means direct rule of Crown. The Government of India would be governed by and in name of the Queen of England.

Q2:       Highlight any two features of Swadeshi movement.

              1)       Swadeshi means ‘of one's own country’. During the freedom struggle, it meant that people should use goods produced in India, by Indians helping in promoting Indian industries;

              2)       the promotion of Swadeshi was accompanied by the advocacy of ‘boycott’ means to boycott foreign goods.

Q3:       Who is called the Father of Local Self Government and why?

              Lord Ripon is father of Local Self government as in his resolution he emphasize the development of local bodies not only with a view to improving the administration, but an instrument of political and popular education. Local boards were to be developed throughout the country and charged with definite duties and entrusted with suitable sources of revenue.

Q4:       Give any four principles of the agreement concluded between India and        China known as ‘Panchsheeli’

              1)       Respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty;

              2)       Mutual non-aggression;

              3)       Non-interference in each other’s internal affairs;

              4)       equality and mutual benefit and peaceful co-existence.

Q5:       What do you understand by the term Dyarchy?

              ‘Dyarchy’ is comprised of two words- ‘di’ and ‘orchia'. The word ‘cli’ meansiftwo’ and the word ‘archia' means ‘rule’. Thus the word dyarshy means ‘double role’ or ‘Double Government’. Under this system of Dyarchy, the subjects of administration were divided into two heads, namely Central subjects and Provincial subjects.

 

Q6:       What do you understand by the term ‘utiIitarianism’ and it was propounded by whom?

              Utilitarianisrn is a principle or doctrine of ethics proclaiming that ‘only' what is useful is good and that usefulness can be rationally determined and the political, economic and social theories and policies are based on this theory. It was propounded by David Hulrne.

Q7:       Who agitated for a separate Telugu speaking Andhra State and he believed             in whose ideals?

              Potti Sriramulu agitated for a separate Telugu speaking Andhra State and he believed in ideals of great leader of this agitation Kandukuri Veerasalingam.

Q8:       Why did the First Round table Conference did not come to any             conclusion?

              The British Government refused to accept the Congress demand for complete independence and as well as for joint electorate. So, congress leaders did not attend the conference, Hence, the First round table Conference was failed.

Q9:       The linguistic provisions committee 1948 was known as what and who         attended it?

              The linguistic committee of 1948 was known as Dhar Committee which reported against the proposition of reorganization of states. To look in the matter again JVP Committee was set up on December 8, 1948. It was attended by then Prime Minister Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. Pattabhi Seetharamaiah.

Q10:     The French East India Company had established a strong hold at which       places in India.

              The headquarters of the French settlement was in Pondicherry with subordinate factories at Masulipatam, Karikal, Mahe, Surat, Chandergore and various other places.

Q11:     Examine the Doctrine of the Lapse applied by Lord Dalhousie.

              The Doctrine of Lapse was a policy of annexation followed by Governor-General Lord Dalhousie. The Doctrine meant that when an Indian ruler of a dependent state died without a natural heir the state passed on to the English East India Company.

Q12:     what did the greased cartridges contain and why did the Indian soldiers       refuse to use it?

              The greased cartridges contains fat of cows and pigs and the Indian soldiers refused to use it as they were asked to bite the greased cartridges with their teeth and this was against their religion.

Q13:     what was the main objective for the Christian Missionaries behind     promoting    education in India and how do they achieve it?

              The Christian Missionaries in India showed great keenness for the spread of their philosophy in the country and also made serious efforts to convert as ay as people to Christianity as possible they could. They used every possible method to see that their point of view was both accepted and appreciated by Indian society. They opened English medium schools in which children were imparted Christianity oriented education. The Christian Missionaries spoke about the ideas of equality and

service to the poor, the oppressed, and the downtrodden.

Q14:     Where was the Prarthana Samaj founded and its founders were           influenced    by which Samaj?

              In 1867, under the guidance of Keshab Chandra Sen the Praithana Samaj was established in Bombay and its founders were infiuenced by Raja Rammohan Roy's Brahmo Samaj.

Q15:     Expiain the meaning of the word “Theosophy” in "Tineoscophical     Society".

              It was coined from two Greek words Theos - God and Sophia-wisdom. Theosophy means Brahamvidya in Sanskrit.

Q16:     Who was  the Governor General of India when the Morley Minto           reforms         1909 were introduced and how did the reforms tying about       disunity among       Indians? ,

              Lord Minto was the Governor General of India when the Minto- Morley Reforms 1901 were introduced as the reforms carried out the policy of rallying round the Muslims by creating class electorates and giving them weightage and thus creating communalism among Indians.

Q17:     Who was the sole representative of the Indian National Congress in the        Second Round Table Conference and why did the conference fail?

              Mahatma Gandhi represented INC in the Second Round Table Congress and the conference failed as the British Government violate the conditions of the Gandhi- Irwin Pact and all the decisions taken in the conference went against the wishes and

Aspirations of Gandhi.

Q18:     How was the Second World War responsible for forcing the British to            grant Indian independence?

              India was dragged forcibly to participate in World War II and some of the Congress ministers resigned against this. They tried to negotiate and after failure, the Congress launched the Quit India movement and hence, started the final struggle for independence. The Indian Independence Act, 1947, terminated the Crown’s sovereignty and India got its freedom.

Q19:     Give the full form of AITUC and name one of the architects of AITUC.

              AITUC - All India Trade Union Congress and one of its chief architect was Lala Lajpat Rai.

Q20:     Who were the Razakars and name their leader?

              Razakars were a fanatic Muslim organization and Qasim Rizvi, was their leader. They were based in Hyderabad and Nizam of Hyderabad encouraged them. They terrorized and harassed the people and created incidents on the borders between Hyderabad and Bombay, Madras and Madhya Pradesh during the process of integration of Princely states into the Indian Union.

Q21:     What did the Queens Proclamation of 1858 provide for the Indian         Princely States?

              The Queen’s proclamation of 1858 promised to respect the rights and dignity of native princes as their own and Princely States would not be annexed.

Q22:     Why didn’t the 'Christian Missionaries target lower caste Hindus for   conversions?

             

The Christian Missionaries converted many people in their fold, especially the out-caste people and the rural poor, who were the victims of the atrocities of their own society and it was easy to convince them that they would be more secured under their religion.

Q23:     Who founded Arya Samaj and what was its Slogan?

              Swami Dayananda Saraswati founded Arya Samaj and their slogan was ‘Back to Veclas’.

Q24:     Who was -the guru of Swami Vivekanand and what was the original   name of the guru?

              The guru of Swami Vivekananda was Shri Ramakrishna Paramhansa whose original name was Gadadhar Chattopadhyaya.

Q25:     Who was the first Indian politician to draw attention of people to the   drain of India's wealth to Great Britain and what is the name of his   famous book?

              Dadabhai Naoroji and name of his famous book is ‘Poverty and un-British 'Rule in India’

Q26:     What was the provision of the Ilbert Bill (1883) and why did the             Europeans -oppose it?

              The Ilbert Bill provides for the trial of Englishmen by Indian Magistrates and Judges and the Europeans opposed it because they didn’t want that an Indian had authority on them as in most of the cases. the English Judges who tried the Englishmen usually let them off with no or very light punishment.

Q27:     Who brought about the Partition of Bengal in 1905 and what reason did        he give for the partition?

              Lord Curzon brought about the partition of Bengal in 1905 reasoning that Bengal was too big a province -and the partition of Bengal had been done to increase administrative efficiency.

Q28:     Enlist the two Round Table conferences not attended by the Indian    National Congress and give reasons.

              Indians did not attend First Round Table Conference because all the major Congress leaders were under arrest for their civil disobedience movement. Mr. MacDonald announced Communal Award in order to provide separate electorate seats to the depressed classes. Gandhiji opposed it and due to this reason Congress did not attend Third Round Table Conference. - '

Q29:     Mr. Jinnah represented which political party and what are the famous            demands for Muslims put forward by him known as?

              Mr. Jinnah represented Muslim League and the famous demands put forward by him for Muslims are called ‘Fourteen Point Programmed.

Q30:     who elects the President of India and what is the minimum age required        for becoming the President of India?

              All elected members of the Lok Sabha, the Rajya Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies elect the President of India. They constitute the Electoral College for the election of the President. The minimum age required for becoming President of India is 35 years.

Q31:     By which Charter Act, East India Company’s monopoly on trade with             India ended? Why?

              In the Charter Act of 1813, the British parliament renewed the Company's charter but terminated its monopoly, opening India to both private investment and missionary work. The people of India demanded share in trade in India and they pointed out benefits like extension of British Commerce and industry, the prevention of diversion of Indian trade to other countries of Europe and America, the reduction in cost of trade and cheapening of the Indian raw imports into Britain led to Charter of 1813

Q32:     What do you mean by infanticide? How wt as it abolished in India?

             

              Infanticide means: killing infant daughters at birth as taking female children considered to be a great economic liability. In 1795 infanticide was declared to be murder by Bengal Regulation. The evil of infanticide was ended by propaganda and the forceful action on the part of British Government The offenders were warned that they would be punished and strong action would be taken against them.

Q33:     How Arya Samaj represented revivalist approach so far as reform       movement    in India is concerned?

              Swami Dayanand’s slogan of back to Vedas was a call for revival of Vedic learning and Vedic' purity of religion and not revival of Vedic times and he accepted modernity and displayed patriotic attitude to national problems.  

Q34:     What are administrative demands of Moderates?

              The moderates demanded a reform in the Executive and Legislative Councils at Centre and in provinces.

Q35:     Name the newspapers started by Lokmanya Tilak.

              The Maharatta in English and the Kesari in Marathi.

Q36:     Why did Congress Governments at provinces resign in 1939?

              With the outbreak of the Second World War, the British Government dragged India into the conflict without even consulting the popular ministries. In protest against the British attitude, the Congress ministries resigned .after two years of useful administration. `

Q37:     What was the opinion of Cabinet Mission, 1946 regarding the idea of Separate Pakistan?

              The Cabinet Mission recommended a united India consisting of both British India and Indian States and it was entrusted with Foreign affairs, defense and Communications while the residuary powers were vested in the provinces and the Mission ruled out Pakistan.

Q38:     Who is called as Liberator of Indian Press?

              Charles Metcalfe is called as liberator of Indian Press.

Q39:     Who was the Chairman of University Commission appointed by Indian          Government? What recommendations it made?

              In 1952, the Union Government appointed the Secondary Education Commission Linder the Chairmanship of Dr. A Lakshamanaswami Mudaliar, the Vice Chancellor of Madras University. The major recommendations of the Commission were the installation of higher secondary system with Diversified courses, the three language formula, the emphasis on educational and vocational guidance, improvement in the system of education, in the teaching staff and in the methods of teaching.

Q40:     What do you understand by instrument of accession?

              Various princely states existed in India during the period of the British Raj. After the British announced their imminent exit from India, it became necessary to place the future relations between these states and the government of free India on a regularized legal footing. The Instrument of Accession was the legal document designed to provide this legal basis for future relations. It was executed by the government of India on the one hand with the rulers of each of the princely states, individually, on the other hand.

Q41:     By which Act Supreme Court was established in India?

              The Supreme Court in India was established by the charter Act of 1774.

Q42:     Who organized and led the Revolt of 1857 in Avadh and Bihar   respectively?

              In Avadh, the Begum of Avadh in Lucknow and in Bihar a local zamindar Kunwar Singh of Jagdishpur led the revolt of 1857.

Q43:     Who founded Satya Shodahk Samaj and when?

              The Satya Shodak Samaj was founded by Jyotirao Govindrao Phule in 1873.

Q44:     Which Act introduced separate electorates for Mluslims anal why?

              The Indian Council Act of 1909 also known as Minto Morley Reforms introduced separate electorates for' Muslims. The Reforms did not aim at the establishment of a parliamentary or responsible government in India. The aim of separate electorates for Muslims was that the Government was setting at naught the attempts of Hindu-Muslim unity by their divide; and rule policy and was almost successful as this encouraged  Muslim separation and communalism.

Q45:     What do you mean by Communal award?

              Mr. MacDonald announced the 'Communal Award' on August 16, 1932. According to the Award, the right of separate electorate was not only given to the Muslims of India but also to all the minority communities in the country. The Award also declared untouchables as a minority and thus the Hindu depressed classes were given a number of special' seats, to be filled from special depressed class electorates in the area where their voters were concentrated. Under the Communal Award, the principle of weightage was also maintained with some modifications in the Muslim minority provinces. Principle of weightage was also applied for Europeans in Bengal and Assam, Sikhs in the Punjab and North West Frontier Province, and Hindus in Sindh and North West Frontier' Province.

Q45:     State two reasons why England granted Independence in India?

              1)       The most important reason was the ,strength of the nationalist movement. The movement under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi had become strong that the grant of independence could not be postponed for long. The Quit India Movement had shown that Indians could go to any length to bring to an end the British Raj in the Country.

              2)       Another cause was that the British Government lost faith in the loyalty of the armed forces in India, particularly the Navy.

Q46:     Who founded Textile Labour Association and where?

              The Textile Labour -Association was formed in 1917 in Ahmadabad by Mahatma Gandhi.

Q47:     Which Act provided for the codification of laws in India?

              The Charter Act of1833 provided for the codification of laws in India.

Q48:     Who started Prarthana Samaj? Name any two members.

              Dr. Atma Ram Pandurarig started Prarthana Samaj. Its other members were Sir R G Bhandarkar and Justice Ranade.

Q49:     Who was the Plague Commissioner of Poona?

              Mr. Rand was the Plague Commissioner of Poona.

Q50:     Which scheme was introduced by Sir John Sergeant in Education field?

             

              Sir John Sergeant introduced -Sergeant Scheme for education. It sought to introduce universal, free and compulsory education for boys and girls- between the ages of 6 and 14.

Q51:     Name two Muslim leaders who prepared the Aligarh Scheme?

              The Aligarh Scheme was prepared by Professor Zafrul Hassan

and Mohammad Afzal Hassan Quadri.

Q52:     Mention any two demands made by Nizam of Hyderabad on July 11, 1947?

              The demands made by Nizam were to grant Dominion Status to Hyderabad and the retrocession of the Berar to the Nizam.

Q53:     Explain the Judicature Act of 1781.

              The Judicature Act of 1781 provided that the public servants of the Company, Revenue Collectors and judicial officers of the Company’s Courts, Governor-General and the members of his Council were not to be subject to the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court for. things clone by them in their official capacity.

Q54:     Mention any two points of the Fox India Bill (1783).

              The Fox India Bill sought to transfer all the political and militant powers of the Company to a Board of Seven Commissioners to be nominated first by Parliament and afterwards by the Crown and all its commercial powers to a subordinate body of nine assistant Directors.

Q55:     What is so called ‘Gokhale’s Political Testament’?

              Gokhale’s main recommendation in his Political Testament, a scheme of reforms to be given to India after the war in 1915, was the grant of provincial autonomy and the lessening of control of the Government in the provincial sphere.

Q56:     Who was the founder of the Theosophical Society?

              The Theosophical society was founded by Madam Blavatsky and Col. Olcott in 1875 in USA. In 1879, both of them came to India and established the head quarters of the Society at Adyar near Madras. Mrs. Annie Besant joined the society in 1889 and came to India in 1893.

Q57:     State the two newspapers started by Annie Besant.

             

              After joining the Social Democratic Federation, Annie started her own campaigning newspaper called The Link. She founded a weekly newspaper Commonweal in January 1914 for her political work.

Q58:     What was the significance of Poona Pact?

Significance of Poona pact-

              1)       It gave depressed class (later known as scheduled caste) reserved                          seats in provincial and central legislative council.

              2)       All the representatives were to he voted in by the general electorate.

              3)       This lead to the greater integration between the citizens India and                           societies.

Q59:     What was the objective of starting Brahmo Samaj?

              The Brahmo Samaj was established by Raja Rammohan Roy with the purpose of promoting among different. religious groups a faith in the unity of the divine and man, as also a spirit of tolerance. He attacked the caste system. Also he protested against the sati and child-marriage. He had in his mind the matter of the uplift of the womenfolk. These were, in short, the objectives with which the Brahmo Samaj was founded by him.

Q60:     Explain the importance of Charter Act of 1793.

              In Charter of 1793, the Company’s commercial privileges were extended for another twenty years. The power which had been specially given to Lord Cornwallis on his appointment to override his Council was extended to all future Governor- Generalship of India.

Q61:     Why did ‘revolutionary terrorism’ rise and grow in India?

              Many factors were responsible for the rise and growth of the revolutionary and terrorist movement in the county. The rise of 1857 had its effect on the future generation of India. There was a general awakening in the country and the people started thinking in terms of ending the foreign rule at any cost even if the use of force was necessary. The Indian press was instrumental in putting the Indian case before the people and asked for action against British tyranny in the country.

Q62:     What do you understand by the power of vote?

              The power of Veto is the power or right vested in one branch of a government to cancel or postpone the decisions, enactments, etc. of another branch, especially the right of a president, governor, or other chief executive to reject bills passed by the legislature.

SHORT NOTES (6MARKS)

1.          Swadeshi Movement.

              Swadeshi was the important principle in the Indian Freedom Movement. During the freedom struggle many times its principle was used. Swadeshi means to use the goods produced in our country only. This principle was economic by nature. In the anti-Bengal partition movement in 1905, Swadeshi principle was stressed. During this movement huge bonfires of foreign goods were made all over the country, As a result of the Swadeshi Movement, the import of British goods into India, particularly into Bengal declined. This gave an impetus to the growth of Indian small-scale industries. In the program of non co-operation movement one of the points was to boycott the foreign goods and ln the place use Swadeshi, especially Khadi. During this movement bonfires were made of foreign clothes and huge demonstrations were shaped outside the shops selling foreign cloth. During the year 1920-21, India had imported foreign cloth worth Rs. 102 corers, whereas in the year 1921-22, these imports were reduced to Rs. 57 corers. Gandhiji's effort was to manifest the Indian discontent against the British rule not through attacks on individual Englishmen, but through an attack on the English mill made cloth, which

was the symbol of the British power. In the constructive program of non co-operative movement, Swadeshi and Khadi played an important role. The process of growing cotton, preparing yarn on charakhas and manufacturing Khadi cloth were the activities that took place in the rural areas.  griculture was the major occupation of India. The rural population, of which the peasantry formed the majority, was dependant on agriculture for its livelihood. It was, therefore, important to include program for their welfare so as to enlist their support for the movement. The freedom movement than could be organized on a large scale. During the civil disobedience movement the boycott of the imported clothes in 1930, resulted in 50% reduction on the imports as compared to 1920. The prohibition of liquor led to decline in the revenue of the Government.

2.          Simon Commission:

              Simon Commission: The British Government virtually recognized the failure of the Reforms of 1919 by appointing the Simon Commission in November 1927, two years before such a Commission was due. One reason suggested for this haste was

the agitation in India, but the fact that the Conservative Government of Lord Birkenhead felt sure that the next General Elections ,in England would return a Labor Government to power, and the conservatives, therefore, did not like to leave the Appointment of the Commission to such a successor Government. The Simon Commission was to enquire ‘into the working of the system of government, the growth of education and the development of representative institutions in British in India and matters connected therewith' and to report ‘as to whether and to what extent it is desirable to establish the degree of responsible government then existing therein, including the question whether the establishment of Second Chambers of the local Legislatures is or is not desirable'. No Indian was included in the Commission and its all White composition was condemned by all shades of Indian public opinion and completely boycotted by the Congress. Lord Birkenhead justified the exclusion of Indians by asserting that in so far as the Commission was appointed by Parliament its personnel had to be confined to members of Parliament. But it was a very same excuse.

              A general hartal was observed all over the country on the day of the ill-starred Commission’s landing in India and the Commission was everywhere greeted with black flags and cries of ‘Simon, go back'. The Central Assembly was invited to form a Joint Committee to co-operate with the Commission, but it refused to do so.

3.          Partition of Bengal :

              Partition of Bengal 1905:

              with the consent of the secretary of State for India on 20th July, Lord Curzon

issued an order dividing the province of Bengal in to two parts, East Bengal  dominated by the Muslims and West Bengal dominated by the Hindus. The partition of Bengal  interpreted by the Indians as a continuation of British police of 'Divide and Rule' The partition served as a signal for more intensive and  extensive agitations. The programme of the militant nationalist leaders included the demand for Swaraj, boycott of foreign goods, swadeshi and national education. The boycott of foreign goods gave a great deal of encouragement to Indian industries. The anti partition movement bring forth the differences between the moderates and the militants. The gulf between the two groups gradually widened which led to the  split of the Indian National Congress at Surat session (1907).

              The government decided to crush the extremists by force, press censorship was introduced, mass meetings were prohibited and the militant leaders were arrested. In 1908, Tilak was deported to Mandalay in Burma for 6 years for his alleged Sedition writings.

4.          Jinnah's Direct Action Day (1946).

              Direct Action Day: The Muslim League at first accepted the proposal of Cabinet Mission but rejected them on account of differences with the Congress regarding the composition of the Viceroy's Executive Council as well as the interpretation of some clauses in the Cabinet Mission Plan. As the Congress accepted the plan, the Viceroy decided to reconstitute his Executive Council _with the member of the Congress alone. The Muslim League demanded the establishment of Pakistan and resorted to ‘Direct Action’ on 16thAugust 1946. In Calcutta, a number of Muslims suddenly began to loot Hindu shops, burn their houses and kill their inmates. Soon the Hindus retaliated and for several days Calcutta withered loot, murder and arson on a large scale. Later the Muslims attacked some Hindu villages in the district Naokhali. Rioting between the Hindu and

the Muslims spread to other regions as well. Mahatma Gandhi went to Naokhali in November and lived there trying to maintain communal harmony till March 1947. In the midst of these troubles, Jawahar Lal Nehru and his colleagues joined the Viceroy's Executive Council on 2nd September and his colleagues joined ` the Viceroy's Executive Council on 2^nd September 1946. Elections to the constituent assembly were held between July and December and the first session of the Constituent Assembly began on 9” December 1946, under the president- ship of Dr. Rajendra Prasad. The Muslim League did not join the Constituent Assembly".

5.          Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1932).

              This pact was made in March, 1931 due to the intervention of Jayakar and Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru. Its terms were the following: -

              1)       The safeguards to be embodied in the law constitutional set-up were to be in the interest of India.

              2)       Civil Disobedience prisoners, not guilty of violence, were to be released.

              3)       Fines which had not been realized were to be remitted. The fines already realized were not to be refunded.

              4)       Immovable property confiscated by the Government was to be returned. Where it had been sold, the transaction was to be considered final.

              5)       Where the posts rendered vacant by resignations had been permanently filled, the Government was not bound to reinstate their former employees. Other cases of resignations were to be considered on their merits. The local Government was to follow a liberal policy in such cases.

              6)       The boycott of non-Indian goods was to be discontinued if it was exclusively against the British goods with a view to exerting pressure for political ends.

              7)       Mahatma Gandhi was not to press for a public enquiry into the allegations against the conduct of the police in India.

              8)       The Government of India was to withdraw the ordinances promulgated in connection with the Civil Disobedience Movement.

              9)       The Congress was to withdraw the Civil \ Disobedience Movement.

              10)     The right of manufacturing salt was to be conceded to the people living in slat areas.

              11)     The Congress agreed to participate in the deliberations of the Second Round Table Conference.

6.          Vernacular Press Act, 1878.

              An unfortunate legacy of the Rebellion of 1857 was the growth of the spirit of racial bitterness among the rulers and the ruled. As a result the European press in India after 1858 was always ranged on the side of the Government in  all political controversies. The vernacular press which had developed and grown on an unprecedented scale since 1857 became more vocal and increasingly critical of governmental policies. The Vernacular Press Act of 1878 was designed to 'better control’ the vernacular press, and to empower the Government with more effective means of publishing and repressing seditious writings. The Act empowered-  

              1)       A District Magistrate with the previous permission of any vernacular newspaper to enter into a bond undertaking not to publish anything likely to excite feelings of disaffection against the government or antipathy between person of different races, castes .and religious among her Majesty's subject. The magistrate could further required publisher to deposit security and to forfeit it if the newspaper contravened the regulation. If the offence reoccurred, the press equipment could be seized.

              2)       The magistrate’s action was final and no appeal could be made to a court of law.

              3)       A vernacular newspaper. could get exemption from the operation of the Act by submitting proofs of the paper to a government censox.

              4)       The worst feature of the Act was that it discriminated between the English press and the Vernacular press and no right of appeal to a court of law was given.,

              5)       The Act succeeded in its objective and the tone of the vernacular press became submissive and the vernacular newspaper of the period showed very little originality in thinking and more often largely borrowed from the English press.

              6)       The Vernacular Press Act was repealed in 1882 by the Government of Lord Ripon.

8.          Widow Remarriage and role of reformers.

              Early efforts in the field of encouragement to widow remarriage were made in the middle of the 18"‘ century. A movement was started for the remarriage of Hindu widows. This movement got a momentum during the period of the agitation for and against sati. Distinguished social reformers such as Ishwar Chandra Vidaysagar in Bengal, Maharshi Karve, M G Ranade, Jyotiba Phule and others in Maharashtra promoted the remarriage of widows. Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar wrote articles to show that Vedic religion and Hindu shastras do not oppose the practice widow remarriage. In Maharashtra M G Ranade and other founded the Vidhva Vivaha Uttejak Mandal at Bombay Maharshi Karve and his associates established the 'Widow Remarriage Association’ at Wardha in 1893. He himself a 27 years old widow. Dueoto the efforts of various social reformers, especially Ishwar chand Vidyasagar, the Government passed the Widow Remarriage Act in 1856, that legalized the remarriage of widows,notwithstanding any custom or interpretation of Hindu law to the contrary, and declared that the children of such marriages are legitimate and, allowed even the legitimate share in the property of the sons of the widows that remarried. Shashipada Banarjee established the first widow’s home in 1887. Pandita Ramabai a learned' scholar and social organizer founded Sharada Sadan in Bombay in 1889. ‘Maharshi Karve founded the Hindu Widows' Home Association in Pune in 1896.

9.          Nehru Report.

              The Britishers claimed that the Indians were not included in the Simon Commission on account of discord among the various groups in India. The Secretary of State, Lord Birkenhead challenged the Indian leaders to draft a constitution to which all parties would agree. An all parties conference was held in May, 1928 which appointed a committee to draft a constitutional scheme. The committee was headed by Motilal Nehru and its report came to be known as the Nehru Report. Its other members were Subhash Chander Bose, Sir Ali Iman, Sir Tej Bhadur Sapru, GLR. Pradhan, M.S. Aney, Shuab Qureshi and Sardar Mangal Singh. The report was placed in the annual session of the Congress held at Lucknow on 10th August, 1928

where it was adopted unanimously. The report favored dominion status in which India would be a federation of linguistic provinces. This meant independence within the British Commonwealth. India would be a federation; a sovereign two chamber parliament to which, the `ministry would be responsible. The governor general would be the constitution representative of the crown, with no more actual power than the English king. India in short would enjoy the same status as Canada, Australia, and other independent former colonies of Britain. As regards the communal problem, the report recommended joint electorates with reservation of seats for minorities on population basis with the right to contest additional seats. Full protection was to be given to the religious and cultural interests of Muslim community. Moreover, it emphasized the necessity of giving much autonomy to the provinces. The vote would be given to all adult men and women.

10.        Ghadar Party.

             

              Ghadar Party was established by the Punjabi Sikhs of the United States and Canada in June 19132 The main aim of the party was to free India from the British Rule. Ghadar Party was also known as the Hindi Association of the Pacific Coast. The word Ghadar literary means mutiny or rebellion or revolt. Ghadar party’s ideology was secular in its strong sense. Their religion was patriotism. Members of the Ghadar party undertook political terrorism. This term was coined by the British government. Terrorist activities\of the Ghadar party included planting bombs on government property and aimed assassinations of British and police officials. Some prominent leaders of the Ghadar party were Kartar Singh Sarabha, Lala Har Dayal and Tarak Nath Das.

11.        Hindu code bill or

              How Hindu code bill overcome the social inequality and injustice ?

              Following independence for India, the postcolonial government led by Jawaharlal Nehru completed the codification and reforms of Hindu Personal law, a process that had been begun by the British. According to they British policy of non interference, reform of personal law should have arisen from a demand from the Hindu community. This was not the case, as there was significant opposition from various Hindu politicians, organizations, and devotees who saw themselves unjustly

singled out as the sole religious community whose laws were to be reformed. However, the administration saw such codification as necessary in order to unify the Hindu community, which ideally would be a first step towards unifying the nation. They succeeded in passing four Hindu Code Bills: the Hindu Marriage Act (1955), Hindu Succession Act (1956), Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act 1 (1956), and Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act (1956). These continue to be controversial to

the present day among women's, religious, and nationalist groups.

12.        Queen’s Proclamation, 1858.

              The purpose of Queen Victoria's Proclamation concerning India, Issued in 1858, was to announce that England was assuming control of its Indian colonies, removing them from the administration of the British East India Company. A secondary purpose was to reassure the people of India that Britain Intended to respect and preserve the culture of India, particularly the. Right of Indians to practice their traditional religions. The Queen's Proclamation of 1858 assured the Indian Princes that their territories will not be annexed by the British Governments and they shall be given the right to adoption. A Durbar was heid by Lord Canning at Allahabad on 1^st November, 1558 to declare the assumption of the Government of India by the Crown. On that occasion Lord Canning also had read out the Queen’s proclamation to the princes and people of India. The British Government ordered its servants in India not; to interfere in the religious affairs of the Indians. In framing and administering law in India, due regard was to be shown to the customs, ancient rites and usages of the Indians. Indian subjects of Her Majesty were declared equal with the “British subjects in ,there parts of the Empire, Equal rights and opportunities were guaranteed to the Indians along with other British subjects. Pardon and amnesty were offered to all those Indians who were still in arms against the British Government and who were not guilty of murder of British subjects. The treaties of the ‘English East India Company were declared to be in force. The proclamation of 1858 was a great landmark in the Constitutional History of India. This declaration of policy

remained the basis of Indian Administration up to 1917 when a new declaration was made by the British Government with regard to India.

13.        Indian Councils Act of 1909.

              Minto Morley reforms of 1909.

              In spite of repression, the national movement was gathering strength. The government thought it politically expedient to conciliate the Moderates by a grant of political reforms. To secure the support of Moderates within the Congress and also that of the Muslim League, Minto and Morley prepared a set of proposals which were passed as the Indian Councils Act of 1969. It was their shared opinion that responsible government or parliamentary institutions should not be introduced into India and that no efforts should be spared to procure the support of the upper classes of India against the growing forces of anarchy.

              These reforms enlarged the Central and Provincial Legislative Councils. The principle of election was introduced based on high property qualification. The functions of the Legislative Councils were also extended but without much effort. One Indian was appointed to the Governor General’s Executive Council. The Act laid down that the additional members in the Legislative Councils shall be partly nominated and partly elected. Communal electorate was introduced in the case of Muslims. This encouraged Muslim separation and growth of communalism. It was felt that this concession was necessary keeping in mind' their political importance and their services to the British Empire. The deliberative functions of the Provincial

Councils were somewhat extended to include the moving of resolutions on the budget, and on any matter of public interest, except defense, foreign affairs and native States. But since the executive was irremovable and not responsible to the legislatures the latter did not have any real and effective power. In the area of legislation, too, their powers were limited as legislation by them was subject to vote by the Governor- General and the Governors.

              The moderate nationalists did not fully support the reforms. They soon realized that the reforms had not really granted much. But they co-operated with the government in working the reforms.

14.         Drawbacks of Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909.

              Morley Minto Reforms of 1909 created new problems in Indian politics. One such problem was separate electorates for Muslims, by which a -political barrier was formed. The barrier was a small one at first, for the electorates were very limited, but with every extension of franchise it grew and affected the whole structure of political and social life. But tem matter does not rest there. Other communities also started making similar demands. There were other reasons for th§5dissatisfaction of the people of India. What the people demanded was a responsible government but they got benevolent despotism tempered by a remote and only occasional vigilant democracy. In their actual working the Reforms created much confusion. While Parliamentary forms were introduced, no responsibility was conceded. This led to thoughtless and irresponsible criticism of the Government. Indian leaders made Legislatures as the platforms for denouncing the Government. The feeling that they would not have to shoulder responsibilities made them irresponsible in their attitude. The system of election introduced by the Act was so indirect that the representation of the people at large became a process of infiltration. The people elected members of local bodies, which elected members of an electoral college, which in turn elected members of the provincial legislatures, who in turn elected members of the Central Legislature. The Reform of 1909 gave to people the shadow rather than the substance. They granted influence and not power.

TRAIL OF BAL GANGADHAR TILAK LEGAL LANGUAGE SEM II

TRAIL OF BAL GANGADHAR TILAK

Bal Gangadhar Tilak,  (born July 23, 1856, Ratnagiri [India]—died                      Aug.  1, 1920, Bombay [now Mumbai], India), scholar, mathematician, philosopher, and militant nationalist who helped lay the foundation for India’s independence. He founded (1914) and served as president of the Indian Home Rule League. In 1916 he concluded the Lucknow Pact with Mohammed Ali Jinnah, which provided for Hindu-Muslim unity in the struggle for independence.

Tilak was born into a cultured, middle-class, Brahman family. After earning his university degree, Tilak studied law but then decided to teach mathematics in a private school in Poona (now Pune). The school became the basis for his political career. He developed the school into a university college after founding the Deccan Education Society (1884), which aimed at educating the masses, especially in the English language. He then turned to the task of awakening the political consciousness of the people through two weekly newspapers: Kesari (“The Lion”), published in Marathi, and The Mahratta, published in English. Through these newspapers Tilak became widely known for his bitter criticisms of British rule and also of those moderate nationalists who advocated social reforms along Western lines and political reforms along constitutional lines. He thought that social reform would only divert energy away from the political struggle for independence.

Tilak sought to widen the popularity of the nationalist movement (which at that time was largely confined to the upper classes) by introducing Hindu religious symbolism and by invoking popular traditions of the Maratha struggle against Muslim rule. He thus organized two important festivals, Ganesh and Shivaji, in 1893 and 1895, respectively. Ganesha is the elephant-headed god worshipped by all Hindus. Shivaji, the first Hindu hero to fight against Muslim power in India, was the founder of the Maratha state, which in the course of time overthrew Muslim power in India. But, though this symbolism made the nationalist movement more popular, it also made it more communal and thus alarmed the Muslims.

Tilak’s activities soon brought him into conflict with the British government, which prosecuted him for sedition and sent him to jail in 1897. The trial and sentence earned him the title Lokamanya (“Beloved Leader of the People”). When Lord Curzon, viceroy of India, partitioned Bengal in 1905, Tilak strongly supported the Bengali demand for the annulment of the partition and advocated a boycott of British goods, which soon became a movement that swept the nation. The following year he set forth a program of passive resistance, known as the Tenets of the New Party, that he hoped would destroy the hypnotic influence of British rule and prepare the people for sacrifice in order to gain independence. These forms of political action initiated by Tilak—the boycotting of goods and passive resistance—were later adopted by Mohandas K. Gandhi in his program of nonviolent noncooperation with the British.

Tilak’s approach was strong fare for the moderate party in the Indian National Congress, which believed in making “loyal” representations to the government for small reforms. Tilak aimed at Swarajya (Independence), not piecemeal reforms, and attempted to persuade the Congress to adopt his militant program. On this issue, he clashed with the moderates at the Surat session of the Congress in 1907. Taking advantage of the split in the nationalist forces, the government again prosecuted Tilak on a charge of sedition and inciting terrorism and deported him to Mandalay, Burma (Myanmar), to serve a sentence of six years’ imprisonment. In the Mandalay jail, Tilak settled down to write his magnum opus, the Śrīmad Bhagavadgitā Rahasya (“Secret of the Bhagavadgita”), an original exposition of the most sacred book of the Hindus. Tilak discarded the orthodox interpretation that the Bhagavadgita taught the ideal of renunciation; in his view it taught selfless service to humanity.

On his release in 1914, on the eve of World War I, he once more plunged into politics and launched the Home Rule League with the rousing slogan “Swarajya is my birthright and I will have it.” In 1916 he rejoined the Congress and signed the historic Lucknow Pact, a Hindu-Muslim accord, with Mohammed Ali Jinnah, the future founder of Pakistan. Tilak visited England in 1918 as president of the Indian Home Rule League. He realized that the Labour Party was a growing force in British politics, and he established firm relationships with its leaders. His foresight was justified: it was a Labour government that granted independence to India in 1947. Tilak was one of the first to maintain that Indians should cease to cooperate with foreign rule, but he always denied that he had ever encouraged the use of violence.

By the time Tilak returned home in 1919 to attend the meeting of the Congress at Amritsar, he had mellowed sufficiently to oppose Gandhi’s policy of boycotting the elections to the legislative councils established as part of the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms. Instead, Tilak advised the delegates to follow his policy of “responsive cooperation” in carrying out the reforms, which introduced a certain degree of Indian participation in regional government. But he died before he could give the new reforms a decisive direction. In tributes, Mahatma Gandhi called him “the Maker of Modern India,” and Jawaharlal Nehru, independent India’s first prime minister, described him as “the Father of the Indian Revolution.”

Mahatma Gandhi called him the "Maker of Modern India." Bal Gangadhar Tilak was a mathematician and philosopher, but he is best remembered as the man who built his own defiance of British rule into a national movement that eventually gained independence for India.