EDUCTION
In an immediate inference, the conclusion is drawn
from only one proposition. Eduction are those forms of immediate inference in
which, from a given proposition we deduce another proposition differing from it
in subject, in predicate on in both. The truth of the conclusion is implied by
the truth of the premise.
There are
seven kinds of eduction :
Two of these are fundamental and the remaining five
are arrived the operation of there two kind. The basic eduction are conversion.
1) Conversion :
Conversion
is the position of terms in a proposition however logic is concerned only so
far as the truth of the inferred proposition from the truth of the given
proposition. Thus the conversion is the process of immediate inference in which
from the given proposition we infer another proposition having the predicate of
the original proposition as it subject and having the subject of the original
proposition as its predicate. The position of the term in converse is
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ORIGINAL
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S
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P
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CONVERSE
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P
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S
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ORIGINAL
(CONVERTEND)
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CONVERSE
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SIMPLE OR
AS PER ACCIDENT
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A
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ALL S IS P
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SOME P IS S (I)
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CONVERSE PER ACCIDENT
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E
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NO S IS P
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NO P IS S (E)
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SIMPLE CONVERSE
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I
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SOME S IS P
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SOME P IS S (I)
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SIMPLE CONVERSE
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O
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SOME S IS NOT P
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NONE
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Eg.: Original -
A- All husband are hen- pecked
Converse - Some
hen-pecked men are husband
Eg.: Original - E – No
ghost is beautiful
Converse - No beautiful
being is a ghost.
Eg.: Original -
I – some girls are as dark as
Bipasha.
Converse - Some beings
as dark as Bipasha are girls.
2) OBVERSION:
Obversion
is the process of inference in which the subject of the inferred proposition is
since as that of the original proposition but the predicate is contradictory of
the original predicate. The quality of the proposition also changes. The given
proposition is called the obvertant and the inferred proposition is called the
obverse.
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ORIGINAL
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S
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P
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CONVERSE
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S
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P
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ORIGINAL
(OBVERTEND)
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OBVERSE
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A
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ALL S IS P
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E
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NO S IS NON – P
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E
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NO S IS P
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A
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ALL S IS NON – P
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I
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SOME S IS P
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O
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SOME S IS NOT NON – P
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O
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SOME S IS NOT P
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I
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SOME S IS NON – P
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Eg.: Original - A – All
journalist are pessimist.
Obverse - E – No
journalist are non pessimist.
Original - E – No
singers are good musicians.
Obverse - All singers are non good musicians.
Original - Some Indian are rich.
Obverse - some Indian are non rich.
Original - Some
Americans are not blonde.
Obverse - Some Americans are not non blonde.
SOLVE
THE OBVERSE AND CONVERSE PROPOSITION (THE PROBLEM / SUMS ARE GIVEN ACCORDING TO
THE PATTERN OF UNIVERSITY QUESTION PAPERS
Do as directed: 3
1) State the material obverse
relation of
“ Men are strong . “
2) What is inference by
converse relation of
„ X is younger than Y‟
3) What is the observe of
„Some eggs are rotten „
Reduce the sentence to logical
form and state its obverse and converse “Every equilateral triangle is an
equiangular triangle.
