BLS LLB POLITICAL SCIENCE SEM 3, QUESTION AND ANSWERS

CHAPTER NO. 3

POLITICAL PARTIES PRESSURE

GOURPS & LOBBIES –

Q1.      What is the meaning of political parties ?

Ans.                In today’s world political parties are being studied. This study of political party in modern and scientific manner is called “statciology”. Political parties is a group of people with common view, idea and ideology. Coming together to serve the nation and the society to form political party. The origin of political party. The origin of political party is very ancient not all people has same view or opinion on any matter while some people don’t want any changes. This is human nature since ancient times, some parties perform by people for joining economic parties. Some political parties are based communal and religion lines. Thus, it can be also said that, feeling for communal and religious parties for also need to formation of political parties.

                        Some political parties are also based on ideology in there aims and objectives.

Q2.      Conditions for formation of political parties –

Ans.                1) Democracy –

Essential condition for formation of any political parties. Is that it be a democratic form of government. It should become in liberty of individual.

                        2) National Interest –

Individual thinking of political parties should have national interest in them. They should be ready to serve the nation whenever needed. They should be loyal to the nation.

3)         Individual who think to make political party, should be ready to capture ultimate power, but by peaceful means.

4) Interest in politics –

            The people who want to start political party should have interest in politics they should have desire to actively participate in political activities.

Q3.      What are the kinds of political parties?

Ans.                1) Conservative –

This type of political parties desire to conserve the existing institution it wants to go backward to changes.

                        2) Liberal –

This party wants to perform the existing institution and it welcomes changes.

                        3) Reactionary –

Reactionary means this parties wants to review the old institution and believes.

                        4) Radical –

                                    This party wants a fast changes and reforms.

                        5) Leftest and Rightest –         

            The leftist parties are those who work for radical changes. And the rightest parties are those who want to move slowly

Q4.      Revaluation of political parties –

Ans.               

            Merits –

1)         Without political party’s individual would become very week it test political party

            which gives strength to individual and arise to serve his problem.

2)         Political party aims at creating common national interest. Political parties have clear

            cut picture about national party which they place before the public.

3)         Political party helps in educated the masses. They provide better services to the

            educational institutions. Political party by using various methods places before the

            public all the principles and the policies.

4)         Political party brings about change in the government through the peaceful means

            all the matters were settle by discussion. Political party believes in exchange of

            ideas and opinions.

            Demerits –

1)            Political party creates a division among the masses. Some parties try to divide the

            Party on religious and communal base, they avoid developing a good national

            Attitude.

2)            Political parties which have a craze for power have led to the birth of power crazy

            politicians. The aim of such parties is to achieve power by any means.

3)            Corruption and bribery is also one of the most important draw back which is

            supported by such political party. A party may use all its strength to favour few

            people at the cost of country. Some parties also used any method to win the

            elections.

4.         Some political party can even grabs power and divert it into doctorial manner.

Q5.      Function of Political Parties –

Ans.                The political parties play the role of brokers of ideas. A political party must clearly stand policies and principles it should value the objective for the people a state is the society of societies. As it enables an individual to realize himself. The state is not bound by force but by the will. Will is the basic of the state. The chief function of the state is to uphold the rights of individual and slow their problem. The state must also use force if necessary to remove the hindrance from the way of any individual who wants to improve his personality. Every individual has the right to resist the laws of state of they go against his right and they are unjust and unfair. Every individual has the right to resist depending on the national right recognized by social consciousness. The state can punish the criminals who are antisocial elements and who can create obstacles for the freedom of others. The main aim of law should be remove crime and reform the criminals.

CHAPTER NO. 4

COMMUNISM

Q1.      What is communism and principal of communism?

Ans.    Communism is a form of socialism. The ideology of communism favours equal distribution of wealth and state ownership of means of production. Fradrick Engles and Carl Mark introduced communism. Carl mark address to the workers of the world in 1848 to unit as they have nothing to lose, he established in 1864 the international working men organization for about 34 years maximum leaves in exile in England.

            Principal of Communism or Principal of Carl Mark are as follows –

Theory of philosophical materialism the world is by nature material and the different phenomena’s are the different form of matters. The material life of society depends upon the method of securing means of livelihood. The material life of society is primary and spiritual life is secondary.

Matter primary and kind secondary –

            Unlike the idealist who believed in existence of mind. Materialist thought that the matter existence independent of or outside mind. Matter is active and self-determination. It carries itself enough energy to transform itself.

War between classes –

            The idea of class war emerges from the theory of interpretation of history, directical materialism etc. marks says that according to law of history a particular class hold and control means of production and thus it exploits rest of the people. This class uses the state in exploiting the people. History represents two classes the capitalist or the workers and the exploited on other side. History represents nothing but a war between classes. Hence, thesis and anti-thesis can be noted. Between the classes there is hatred and this hatred will continue till the classes exist.

Law of concentration of capital –

             Capital is in the hands of few people the rich becomes richer and the poor become the poorer. The society is divided into haves and haves not. The rich multiple their capital, but this capital remains in the hands of few capitalist is again danger to capitalist.

Capitalist decrease but the workers increase –

            The number of capitalist in whose hands wealth is concentrated goes on decreasing day by day. The concentration of wealth is in the hand of capitalist as well as the big land lords. A time may come when the workers and the framers may over through such land lords or capitalist.

A classes society –

Mark believes that a classless society may end the problem of capitalism. Abolish all the rights of inheritance. Seized all the capitalist property with brain equal will bring equality in the society. In temporary face the labor should be paid according to the work done.

Religion opium of people –

            Religion can be or is used for the tools of exploitation, he believe that man created religion. Religion did not create man. He link religion with capitalist exploitation, he strongly believe that religion was the strongest tool to deceive people.           

Q2.      What is evaluation of Markism?

Ans.    Merits –

            Millions of people got the way of leaving by Carl Mark theory and his teachings. It is strange yet but true that Mark was unwillingly supported by capitalist as they believe that there refusal through except is leading would be dangerous. In 1917 the Nicolas Second of Russian who refused and but continued to exploit the people lost his power and life. In many countries in which worker were shamelessly exploited. They worked in need of a true leader and Carl Mark emerged as a savior for them. All through his teachings and some drawbacks he gave a new spirit to unit. He created in the mind of capitalist a terrible night mare. Workers all over the world got relief through reforms laid by Carl Mark.

            Demerits –

Materialistic of history wrong –

            The materialistic interpretation of history is wrong because it consider religion, language, politics, arts, science. Insufficient the Marks approach is very narrow as it pays more attention only on the material condition of individual life.

            History is nothing but a record of wars between have and have not accordingly. The concept of class war is artificial and it is aimed more at capturing the minds of workers. It is also wrong to say that it is used as an instrument of exploitation. Many examples are given which prove that state is harmless body and they do not exploit the people.

            Injustice to religion –

            Marks did a great injustice to religion as he declared religion as a opium to people. He unfairly described religion as means of exploitation. No one can deny the importance of religion as every individual gets it spiritual satisfaction through religion.

Chapter no. 5

Theory of Punishment –

Q1.      What are the theory of Punishment. Explain?

Ans.    With the changing social structure of the society. We have witness that many changes in the theories of punishment. The ends of criminal justice are four in numbers. And punishment can be divided as –

1.    Deterrent theory – (severest punishment)

2.    Retributive theory – (eye for and eye)

3.    Preventive theory – (to stop)

4.    Reformative theory – (improvement)

I.              Deterrent Theory –

The basic idea of deterrent theory is to stop the offender from committing crimes. Pleasure and the pain are the two feelings with that nature has provided to mankind. To enable him to do something or to stop him from doing something. This theory of punishment believes in the fact that severe punishment should be inflicted to the offenders. Those who commit crime it is assumed that they derive a satisfaction by committing a crime. They get a feeling of enjoyment when they are let free and the victim suffers mentally. Deterrent theory believes that only strict punishment can improve a criminal in social life. Punishment gives a element of pain to correct the wrong action of offenders.

In earlier days a criminal act was consider to be due to the influence of some evil spirit on the offender of which he was unwillingly was made to do that wrong.

II.            Retributive Theory –

Eye for an eye would be making the world blind said Mahatma Gandhi, the harshest theory in the history of punishment was Retributive theory. This theory works on the idea of revenge rather than that of social welfare and security. Punishment to the offender gives a relief to the victims and his family.

This theory is based on the principle as the utilitarian theory. Both this theory involves harsh punishment that control such emotion, action, this control also our sense of hatred towards the criminal. Judicial punishment can never to use as means to promote some other good for criminal himself or civil society but instead in all cases be imposed on him only on the grounds that he have committed only.

The doctrine of hell was framed in terms of Retributive theory. This theory has with criticized by modern day’s penologist.

III.           Preventive Theory –

Unlike the deterrent and retributive theory. This theory believes in improving a criminal by preventing him from doing any other crime in future. For Eg. :- “ A Land owner put a notice on the land, declaring that, ‘ trace passers will be prosecuted”. Doing this, this notice work as a message to the tress passers that he should not trespass the land or else legal action will be taken against him. By doing this the owner helps the law itself, without bringing law in motion. One can easily say that, although preventive theory, prevents crime to happen in future but, some question are put by penologist who question that crime cannot ne stopped according to this theory. The major problem with this kind of theory are they make criminal more violent then changing into better individual.

IV.          Reformative Theory –

This theory declares a starts of new era. The story of gradual renewal of man. The story of passing from one world into another world. The story of gradual regeneration. This theory emphasis on renewal of criminal and the beginning of a new life for him.

It is the most recent and human of all theory is based on the principal of reforming the criminal it believes in removing the crime and not the criminal. It lays importance on getting back the criminal in civilized world. It is a fact that many of a criminal have improved and reformed. This theory condemns of all the type of severe punishment and it emphasize on rehabilitant the offenders and getting him back in the civilized society. It looks that the speculation from the society as an attempt to reform them. Under this theory many prisons have been started where they are humanly treated. This theory deals with the correction of juvenile and first time criminals. But in case of hard core criminals this theory have their pros and corns we all know that truth is a stranger than fiction and so is practice of theories. We all know that prisons are meant to be a place where criminal would be corrected but the present are becoming side for birding and giving birth to hardcore criminals. In many cases criminals carrying on their activity in the prisons also.

Chapter No. 6

Liberalism

                                                                                                                        

Meaning of Liberalism –

            The term liberalism indicates the tendency of intending individual’s rights and liberty against political economic or bureaucratic authority it’s not easy to give exact meaning of liberalism. Its origin was seen in Greece. But in Greece the liberal principal were enjoyed by everyone except women and slaves. Liberalism rise in western Europe in the 19^th century liberalism as a reaction against the authority of feudal Lords & to an achievement liberty can be classified as political liberty, economic liberty etc. according to new liberalism the government does not interface or represent a threat to the freedom of individual because the government has become beneficial. The new liberals have change with times and have given recognition to trade union and political equality to the weaker.