POLITICAL SCIENCE - SHORT NOTES. BLS LLB - SEM IV
Functions Of The Secretary General Of The UN
The Secretary General Of UN, His Power And Functions
The functions of the
Secretary General of the UN are as follows –
·
Administrative and Service Functions
–
The secretary General is responsible for the organization and
direction of the activities of the organization. The staffs of the UN organs
excluding ICJ fall under his purview. As such it is his responsibility to ensure
that the various organs of the UN and their committees and conference work
properly. For this purpose he draws provisional agenda, notifies about the
meetings to various members, provides staff and facilities for the holding of
meetings, examines the credentials of representatives and submits report to the
concerned organs. He also assists in the drafting of documents, resolutions and
reports and provides legal and technical advice.
·
Financial Functions –
The Secretary General has been entrusted with important
financial functions. Subject to the authority of the General Assembly he
prepares the budget of the UN. He allocates funds, controls expenditure,
collects the contributions from the members and acts as custodian of all the
funds.
·
Representational Functions –
As the Chief representative of the UN, he represents the UN
in negotiations with other agencies and government. He also occupies a central
position in the working of various organs of the UN because the staff of these
organizations and agencies is not only recruited but also controlled by the
Secretary General. He also represents UN before the ICJ.
·
Political Functions –
The Secretary General has also been assigned important
political functions. Through these political functions he exercise profound
influence on the formulation of the policy. It may be observed that this power
of the secretary General permits him to submit for the consideration of
Security Council any dispute, situation or other matter which is not raised by a member of the Council.
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Characteristic Of North South System
The North-South System As A Subsystem Of The Present
International Economic Order
North – South System Of Dependence
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The second sub-system if the present
economic system is North-South system, which is concerned with relationship
between the developed market economics and less developed economic countries
and less developed economics of countries or Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
Unlike the Western system, which is composed of almost equal factors, this
system is concerned by complete inequality and disparity. These are vast
difference in the per capita average gross national product. The southern countries are dependent on the
North for a number of things.
Firstly, they are greatly dependent
upon them for trade because a large percentage of their gross national products
come from trade with the North. The dependence of the South and North for trade
is an account of their interest market, concentration of exports to a single or
a small number of primary products, and vulnerability to the demand conditions
of a single market.
Secondly, the countries of South are
dependent on North for investments due to lack of adequate resources. In most
of the countries of South the foreign investments have made in important
sectors of production, raw material production, export industries and dynamic
sectors of economy.
Thirdly, the countries of South are
also dependent on the North for money. Often the currency of dependent
countries of south are linked with the currencies of dominant Northern country
which enables the latter to influence the internal as well as the external
monetary policy of these countries. The advanced countries influences the
domestic and foreign policy of the countries of South by providing them
assistance to overcome the balance of payments problems.
Fourthly, aid is also used, as an
instrument by the North to manage and manipulate decisions from outside. Aid also
contributes to dominance in the field of trade and investments.
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Evaluate The Role Of WHO
Effectiveness Of WHO In The Contemporary World
Discuss The Organization And Function Of WHO
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The WHO has the objective of the
attainment by all persons of the highest possible level of health. Its
activities include advisory services to the nations of the world for
development of their health administration and general technical service for
promotion of the study of the health problem, establishment of an international
pharmacopoeias and publication of health statistics. The organization promotes
co-operation among different governments in health matters and exchange of
scientific knowledge. On sanitary and quarantine matters, names of diseases,
cause of death, standards of diagnosis, of safety, purity and potency of
biological and pharmaceutical products that are subjects on the international
commerce, on advertising and labeling drugs, the regulations made by the
assembly and become automatically binding for all members.
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Role Of The NGO’s As A Non State Actors
Role Of Non-State Organizations In International
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The Non-State actors play an
important role in international politics and which greatly influence the course
of international politics. These Non-State actors greatly differ with regards
to their scope and purpose. Some of the Non-state actors of international
politics are –
1.
UNO – the United Nations – has played important role in
International Politics. It is a permanent organization with a membership of 184
members. It has worked as fact finder, investigated issues and reported its
findings. UNO has acted as mediator and made suggestions for reasonable
settlement.
2.
Regional organization – the regional organizations are
other important Non-state actors. The Regional organizations usually lack
supra-national authority and hence do not enjoy any power over their
constituent parts. They also do not posses any unified institutions, practices
and attitudes, therefore they can hope to bring about only peaceful changes in
the territorial boundaries of the organization.
3.
Multi National Corporation – the multinationals, business firms
engaged in production and marketing activities beyond the borders of one state
are important non-state actors of international politics. Multinational
corporations (MNC’s) possess a very tightly integrated production and marketing system and pursue
policies. Which aim at enhancing the economic position of the firm. The number
of MNC’s has greatly increased in recent years. The yearly value of MNC’s come
in conflicts with states and the host states can refuse permission to new MNC’s
to established themselves and nationalize those already operating in the
country, but generally these states are reluctant to do so because of
beneficial effect of MNC’s
4.
National Liberation Organization – National Liberation Organization
are the other important Non-state unit of International Politics. A number of
such organizations have been formed in different part of the world such as Viet
Cong, Irish Republican Army, PLO and many more. These organizations differ in
size, structure, Strength and Ideology. A notable feature of these organization
is that they do not possess any legal authority over a specific territory and
merely seek to liberate that territory from current regime. The members are
moved by shared perceptions of the past common hopes for future. These
organizations make use of military policy instruments for the attainment of
their objectives.
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Veto Power Of The 5p’s Of The UNSC
What Is Veto Power.
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If any person or body corporate has
over riding power to stall or make a resolution fall through even if majority
is in its favour such a power or right is called Veto power. The five permanent
members of the UNO have these powers. In time of crises when the other members
of this club ganged up against India in Kashmir issue Russia came to India’s
rescue by using this power. The United Nation Security Council ‘Power of Veto’
refers to the veto power wielded solely by the five permanent members of the
United Nation Security Council, enabling them to prevent the adoption of any
‘substantive’ draft council resolution, regardless of the level of
International support for the draft. The veto does not apply to procedural
votes, which is significant in that the Security Council’s permanent membership
can vote against a ‘procedural’ draft resolution, without necessarily blocking
its adoption by the Council. The veto is exercised when any permanent member,
the so called ‘P5’ cast negative votes on a substantive draft resolution. The
veto is based on the principle of great power unity. But it continued to
reflect the disagreement among the permanent members.
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Negotiation As A Method Of Settlement Of Dispute.
Discuss The Diplomatic Method Of Settlement Of
Dispute – Negotiation.
Negotiation As A Method Of Settlement Of Dispute.
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Negotiation – Negotiation
is the simplest method of pacific settlement of disputes. Negotiation are
carried on either by the heads of the state or by their exchange of
correspondence. India – Pakistan negotiation at Simla is a good example of
negotiations. You may negotiate directly with the other person. You may hire an
attorney to negotiate directly with the other side on your behalf. There are no
specific procedures to follow - you can determine your own - but it works best
if all parties agree to remain calm and not talk at the same time. Depending on
your situation, you can negotiate in the board room of a big company, in an
office or even in your own living room.
Negotiation
allows you to participate directly in decisions that affect you. In the most
successful negotiations, the needs of both parties are considered. A negotiated
agreement can become a contract and be enforceable.
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Arbitration As A Method Of Settlement Of Disputes
Discuss The Diplomatic Method Of Settlement Of
Dispute - Arbitration
What Is The Pattern Of Direct Opposition?
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Arbitration
– Arbitration is a sort of Semi
Judicial method of settling a dispute. Arbitration is a very important method
of settling International dispute by peaceful means. The parties to a dispute
refer their case to an individual or small group of individual for arbitration.
Its value resists its equal-judicial character. It signifies the reference of
the dispute to an individual or small group of individual to whom the parties
state their respective cases and whose decision they are bound to obey, unless
they can show that the arbitrator exceeded his authority. The procedure of
international arbitration is the same as in municipal law. But it is possible
that several disputes involving purely legal issues are referred to Arbitrator
may take his award according to justice or equality or ex acquo et bono, or he
might be specially directed to apply the rules of international law.
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What Are The Causes Of The Failure Of The League Of
Nations ?
Causes Of Failure Of League Of Nation
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Some
of the important causes responsible for its failure were as under –
a)
Domination of Big Powers – as the time passed it became clear that the
world body is being dominated by such big powers as Britain and France. It was
also clear that they could not so anything they liked. The result was that
small nations which formed a majority of league membership lost faith in the
organization. These being to feel that the League absolutely incompetent to
save them from aggression by any big power.
b)
Desire to preserve national interest – Though the member states had pledged
themselves to maintain international peace and resolve their differences by
peaceful means, yet in actual practice all the big states cared more to
preserve their narrow national interests rather than preserving the world
organization.
c)
Lack of Mutual Cooperation – The Members of League had no identity of
views. They lacked mutual cooperation which is always essential for the success
of an organization.
d)
Structural defects – One of the important cause responsible for
the failure of the League of Nations was that its structure had some inherent
defects. The Covenants of the League provided that under certain conditions the
states could resort to defensive war, but as all know it is very difficult to
make a distinction between an offensive and a defensive war. Thus from the
beginning the League felt that the need for war would arise and their
psychology and provision proved very dangerous for the world.
e)
Imbalanced Objectives – The League of Nations had Four main
objectives before it. These were – a) reduction if armaments, b) guarantee
against aggression, c) settlement of Disputes and d) bringing peace by
negotiated means.
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What Are The Type Of Balance Of Power
Types Of Balance Of Power
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1.
Simple
or Complex balance of power –
If
the balance of power aims at the preservation of safety of the nationalities of
the world, it is known as simple balance of power. On the other hand, the
balance of power is complex, if it concentrates on the preservation of peace
due to warning position of the two militant nations. The two types of balance
of power can run concurrently among the various nations of the world.
2.
Local,
Regional or Worldwide balance of power –
Balance
of Power can be Local, Regional or Worldwide; depending upon the area of its
operation. If the balance of power seeks to checkmate only one power or state,
which poses a threat to the freedom of other neighboring states, it is regarded
as local. If it is aimed at maintaining balance in particular geographical or
political region. The balance of power is regarded worldwide if it concerns
more than region.
3.
Rigid
or flexible balance of power –
A
balance of power is regarded as rigid if two groups of states take a particular
stand and are not willing to deviate from that stand. The rigid stand taken by
USA and USSR as leader of the two groups which emerged after Second World War
is an example of such type of balance of power. On the other hand, if the
member states change their alignment and seek fresh alliance due to changed
circumstances, the balance of power is regarded as flexible.
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What Is Composition Of ICJ
Discuss The ICJ With Reference To Its Composition
And Function
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Composition of the court – The
international court of justice (ICJ) is governed by Article 92 and 96 of the UN
charter and the statue of (ICJ) which is the integral part of the UN charter.
All the members of the UN are automatically parties of the statue. The
International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United
Nations (UN). It was established in June 1945 by the Charter of the United
Nations and began work in April 1946. The Court is composed of 15 judges, who
are elected for terms of office of nine years by the United Nations General
Assembly and the Security Council. It is assisted by a Registry, its
administrative organ. Its official languages are English and French.
Functions of international court of justice – The International Court of Justice (ICJ)
is the primary judicial branch of the United Nations. Its main functions are to settle legal
disputes submitted to it by states and to provide advisory opinions on legal
questions submitted to it by duly authorized international branches, agencies,
and the UN General Assembly. The court hears only those cases where the parties
to the dispute are those sovereign state
who have accepted the statue of the court. There is no provision for automatic
reference of the case or dispute to the court. However, the charter only says
that as a matter of general rule the member states should refer their legal
dispute to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) (Article 36). But this does
not apply that the parties cannot resort to any other judicial procedure.
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What Is The Pattern Of Direct Opposition?
Pattern Of Balance Of Power
Pattern
Of Balance Of Power
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Professor Morgenthau mentions in his book
‘Politics among Nations’ two main patterns of the Balance of Power – the
pattern of direct opposition and the pattern of competition. The pattern is one
of direct opposition when there are two nation confronted with each other. One
nation wants to establish its power over another while other refuse to yield.
On the other hand, the pattern of competition exists while one or other nation
tries to establish its domination over third power and neither of the two
powers allows each other to disturb the status quo. The competition between
United State and China for control of the countries of South – East offers as
examples of this pattern, in the pattern of direct opposition the balance of
power results directly from the desire of either nation to see its policies
prevail over the policies of other. Both the nations try to increase their
respective powers to make attempt to control the decisions of the other or to
resist the presence of the other. This balancing of opposing forces goes on
until the concerned nations change their objectives of imperialistic policies
or until one – nation gains a decisive advantage over other.
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Purpose Of Creating UNICEF
UNICEF – Organization, Objectives And Functions
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The United Nation International Children’s
Emergency Fund (UNICEF) was created by the General Assembly in 1946 in order to
meet the emergency need of children in Europe and China immediately after the
Second World War for Food, Drugs and Clothing. The General Assembly then in
1950 shifted the emphasis of UNICEF’s objective to programme of long – range
benefit for children of developing countries. Sometimes later through its name was
changed to United Nation Children Fund, its acronym UNICEF was retained. Children
are the worst victim of Hunger, Disease and Want. Millions of them die every
year as a result of Malnutrition, Famines, Disease and Natural disasters.
UNICEF plays an important role by protecting children from adversity and by
preparing them for life. The main objective of the UNICEF is derived from the
aspiration of the U.N Charter, “to save succeeding generation from the scourge
of war and to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger
freedom.
The UNICEF renders assistance in providing
balanced food to children and provides assistance in providing to them
protective food like Milk, Wheat, Fish, Fats, Fish Liver, Oil etc. it also
co-operated with other organizations for the improvement of children’s health
and provision of clothing. UNICEF also takes of the interests of women and
provides facilities for pregnant mothers. It also extended support to various
conventions for the suppression of traffic in women and children, crime
prevention etc.
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The Secretary General
The Secretary General of UN – His Power And Functions
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The functions and powers of the
General Secretary of UN are –
Administrative
and Service functions – the
Secretary General is responsible for the organization and direction of the
activities of the organization. The staffs of all the UN organs excluding ICJ
fall under his purview. As such it is his responsibility to ensure that the
various organs of the UN and their committees and conference work properly. He
also assists in the drafting of documents, resolutions and reports and provides
legal and technical advice.
Financial
Functions – The Secretary
General has been entrusted with important financial functions. Subject to the
authority of the General Assembly he prepares the budget of the UN. He
allocates funds, controls expenditure, collects the contributions from the
members and acts as custodian of all the funds.
Representational
Functions – As the chief representative of the
UN, he represents the UN in negotiations with other agencies and government. He
also occupies a central position in the working of various organs of the UN
because the staff of these organizations and agencies is not only recruited but
also controlled by the Secretary General. He also presents UN before the ICJ.
Political
Functions – The Secretary
General has also been assigned important political functions. Through these
political functions he exercises profound influence on the formulation of the
policy. It may be observed that this power of the Secretary General permits him
to submit for the consideration of Security Council any dispute, situation or
other matter which is not raised by a member of the Council.
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Discuss The Relation Of The Security Council And The
General Assembly
Discuss The Relation Of The Security Council And The
General Assembly
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The UN Charter has entrusted the
responsibility for the maintenance of International peace and security to the
Security Council, even though it is required to submit annual reports to the
General Assembly with regard to the measures taken by it for the purpose.
However, the General Assembly cannot pass any judgments on the actions taken by
the Security Council. Hence in no way the Security Council is subject to
overriding authority of the General Assembly. The size of Security Council
gives it an advantage over the General Assembly which is an unwieldy body and
meets only for three or four months towards the close of the year, while the
Security Council is well organized and functions continuously. The Security
Council has the same functions as the General Assembly has with respect to
Trusteeship territories are strategic areas. The General Assembly and the
Security Council participate separately in the election of the Judges of the
ICJ. The General Assembly appoints the secretary general of the secretariat on
the recommendation of the Security Council.
Difference between
Arbitration and Judicial settlement.
Arbitration and Judicial settlement
are similar and yet differ. In both the decision is reached by the application
of the law to the facts determined after giving the parties an impartial
hearing. In arbitration, the third party decision maker is chosen on ad hoc
basis by the parties by mutual consent. The law which the arbitrators apply is
the general law, but the parties may ask the arbitral tribunal to decide in
accordance with the law as both of them have understood or have agreed to. In
judicial settlement, the parties go to an established Court, and they have no
choice regarding the composition of the Court that adjudicates, or the law to
be applied. The Court applies the law that is authorized by its constitution,
which is generally international law.
In case of arbitration, the parties
enter into an agreement to submit to arbitration, usually called compromise. In
case of judicial settlement, the jurisdiction of the Court arises from the
consent given by the parties with respect to the particular dispute, or a
general consent given earlier with respect to a specified category of cases.
Bi-polarity –
In the first instance the bi-polar power
system which emerged in the post – World War II gave a serious setback to the
system of balance of power. In the post-world war II period Britain’s power
greatly declined and she could no more play the role of a balancer, which she
had played for such a long time. Instead two superpowers – USA and USSR emerged
with most of the lesser powers rallying around them. As both these powers were
actively involved in the policies of cold war they could not play the role of a
balancer. With the disintegration of the Soviet Union, United States has
emerged as the main power and the Bi-polar power system has undergone
transformation. Though some has contended that this has resulted in Unipolar
system United States acting as the sole arbitrator in international arena, in
actual practice United States cannot by itself mould the international events
as it likes and it has to secure widespread international support.
