QUESTIONS FOR 12 MARKS
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1) THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE (ICJ) –
Composition of the court –
The international court of justice (ICJ) is governed by Article 92
and 96 of the UN charter and the statue of (ICJ) which is the integral part of
the UN charter. All the members of the UN are automatically parties of the
statue. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial
organ of the United Nations (UN). It was established in June 1945 by the
Charter of the United Nations and began work in April 1946. The Court is
composed of 15 judges, who are elected for terms of office of nine years by the
United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council. It is assisted by a
Registry, its administrative organ. Its official languages are English and
French.
Functions
of international court of justice –
The International Court of Justice (ICJ)
is the primary judicial branch of the United Nations. Its main functions are to settle legal
disputes submitted to it by states
and to provide advisory opinions on legal questions submitted to it by duly
authorized international branches, agencies, and the UN General Assembly. The
court hears only those cases where the parties to the dispute are those
sovereign state who have accepted the
statue of the court. There is no provision for automatic reference of the case
or dispute to the court. However, the charter only says that as a matter of
general rule the member states should refer their legal dispute to the
International Court of Justice (ICJ) (Article 36). But this does not apply that
the parties cannot resort to any other judicial procedure.
Power
of the court –
The international court of justice (ICJ) is
governed by Article 92 and 96 of the UN charter and the statue of (ICJ) which
is the integral part of the UN charter. As the principal judicial organ of the
Un it is the primary responsibility of the
court to decide cases brought before to it by the state as well as to give
advisory opinion to legal question referred to it. The court hears only those
cases where the parties to the dispute are those sovereign state who have accepted the statue of the
court. There is no provision for automatic reference of the case or dispute to
the court. However, the charter only says that as a matter of general rule the
member states should refer their legal dispute to the International Court of
Justice (ICJ) (Article 36). But this does not apply that the parties cannot
resort to any other judicial procedure.
2)
THE MAIN OBJECTIVES AND PORPUSE OF THE U.N –
Objectives
of U.N –
The object of the united nations are set forth
in the preamble. The preamble states that “ we the people of the United
Nations” are determine to do the following :
WE THE PEOPLES OF
THE UNITED NATIONS DETERMINED
- to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind, and
- to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and
- to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and
- to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,
- to practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbours, and
- to unite our strength to maintain international peace and security, and
- to ensure, by the acceptance of principles and the institution of methods, that armed force shall not be used, save in the common interest, and
- to employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic and social advancement of all peoples.
The Purposes of the United Nations are:
- To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace;
- To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace;
- To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion; and
- To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends.
3) ILO
– INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION (WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF ILO) –
International
Labour Organization was formed at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. Its
headquarters are in Geneva. With the adaptation of Philadelphia Declaration in
World War II the rights of labour became closely connected with the fundamental
human rights. In 1946 International Labour Organization became the first
specialized agency of the United Nations.
Purpose –
International
Labour Organization strives to improve the living and working conditions of the
workers throughout the world. For this purpose, it tries to secure equal
opportunities to all human beings and provides conditions for the development
of the workers of world over. ILO has contributed a great deal since its
establishment to bring about an improvement in the conditions of the labour,
industrial and agriculture.
Functions –
The
important Functions of ILO are to raise the standards of workers through a code
of International Labour standards to prevent unemployment with adequate
inspectional arrangement, to look after the problem of social security of
workers to encourage education and research in the fields of labour and social
policies. The right to organize into trade unions right to collective
bargaining, minimum wages, regulation of working hours during nights, abolition
of child labour, securing equal wages for equal work, equal wages for women,
social insurance sickness and unemployment insurance, safety of working
conditions in factories.
ORGANIZATION OF ILO –
1)
International
General Conference –
It
is plenary organ of the International Labour Organization. It consists of all
the members and meets at least once a year. It is composed of four delegates of
each members states – two representing Government and one each representing
Workers and employees.
2)
Governing
Body –
It
is the executive organ of the International Labour Organization. It elects its
chairman and Vice – Chairman. Also, it appoints the Director General. It is
composed of 40 members. 20 members representing the governments 10 each
representing the workers and employees.
3)
International
Labour Officer –
It
is the secretariat of the International Labour Organization. It is headed by
the Director General assisted by such
experts as are attached to this office.
·
IBRD
– (INTERNATIONAL BANK OF RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT) MAIN PURPOSE
International Bank Of Reconstruction And Development (IBRD) or
World Bank is an essential adjunct to the International Monetary Fund. The primary
purpose of the Bank is to assist the reconstruction and development of member
states and this purpose is to be achieved by facilitating the investment of
capital for productive purpose. It lends money or guarantees loans given by
private lenders, borrows money from the capital market by selling bonds to
member-government and government agencies or private enterprises under
governmental guarantee. The Bank examine applications for loans and sometimes
takes the assistance of IMF and has frequently joint meetings.
The World
Bank or IBRD has two subsidiaries, the IDA and IFC. Their organizational
structure is similar to that of the Bank. The IDA provides loans for development
purpose on easier terms than on which the Bank lands. The IFC invests in a wide
range of private institutions in members countries. It revolves its capital by
selling its stock in different enterprises and reinvesting in others. The
capital of both is derived from subscription by members.
·
UNESCO
– purpose and functions –
UNITED
NATIONS EDUCATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANISATION (UNESCO)stands for the
promotions of international cooperation in the educational, social and cultural
fields. The United Kingdom and France drafted UNESCO’s constitution. Later, it
was adopted by 43 members of the United Nations. It came into existence on
November 4, 1946 and was recognized as a special agency of the United nations
on December 14, 1946.
Purpose –
The preamble
of the constitution of the UNESCO declares, “Since wars begin the minds of men,
it is in the minds of men that the defence of peace must be constructed”. All
the members of the United Nations are Members of the UNESCO is to contribute to
peace and security by promoting cultural understanding. Cultural integrations
helps to avoid wars.
Functions of UNESCO –
a)
UNESCO strives to eliminate illetracy
of the people. It provides expert assistance on matters like teacher training,
school construction, preparation of curricula and textbooks etc.
b)
UNESCO helps the members states to
improve the reaching of basic sciences at all levels. It encourages basic
research in the various fields of sciences. It also tries to apply science and
technology to development.
c)
UNESCO disseminates knowledge about
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the social and economic benefits
of disarmament.
d)
It established the International
Theatre Institute to promote theatre. It encourages the translation of
literature from one language to another.
e)
It gathers information form members
and distributes it among them. It helps to promote the free knowledge and
information across national boundaries and development of mass media and
communication.
f)
It also assists states in preserving
materials and monuments of historical and cultural values.
·
DISCUSS
THE ROLE OF THE OPEC-
This
organization was formed in Bagdad (Iraq) in 1960 with Iran, Iraq Kuwait, Saudi
Arabia and Venezuela as founder members. Subsequently Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon,
Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, UAE also became its members. The membership of this
organization is open to any country having substantial net export of crude
petroleum, which has fundamentally similar interests to those of the members
countries.
The main objects of the OPEC are –
a)
To make efforts to restore price of
crude oil to level existing before reductions of 1958-60.
b)
To effect stability in oil prices and
avoid unnecessary fluctuations on price.
c)
To carryout consultations among
companies of concerned countries before making modifications in price of oil.
d)
To control production with a view to
ensure stability of prices.
e)
To ensure regular supply of petroleum
to consumers and equitable remuneration to investors and regular revenue to oil
producing states.
f)
To hold regular consultations among
the member states to safeguard their common interests.
The
membership of this organization is open to any country having substantial net
export of crude petroleum, which has fundamentally similar interests to those
of the member countries. It also provides for free movement of capital and
labour between the member states and provided for establishment of common
external tariffs and framing of a common foreign economic policy.
·
WHAT
IS INTERNATIONAL LAW ? WHY INTERNATIONAL LAW IS REGARDED AS A WEAK LAW ?
International
Law – is meant for governing the conduct of various states towards each other
in world. It is needed to preserve peace and order in the society of states in
the same was as the social and state laws are required to safeguard the
security, peace and order of the country. The only difference between the two
is the binding force which is essentially present in concrete in a state law.
It may defines as that body of rules which regulates the mutual relations of
state among themselves. These rules are not from any sovereign lawmaking world
body nor there exist sovereign world authority to enforce them. The sanction
behind these International rules is the fact that they are recognized by the
world community and accepted by them voluntarily. The states are not bound to
or forced to obey the International law
nor there any coercive provision in the event of any state showing disobedience
to international law. This may be called as international law. The private
international is the body of rules for determining questions of jurisdiction
and question as to the selection of the appropriate law, in civil cases which
present themselves for decision before the courts of one state or country, but
which involves a foreign element.
International
Law is Weak Law –
Compared
with the Municipal Law, International law is a weak law. It suffers from
several limitations and weaknesses. The following are the major weakness which
limit its role in International relations –
1.
The present law is inadequate and
small in its range. Conditions of society have changed and there is a distinct
trend towards international relations and unity. But, there is no international
legislature to continuously develop this law.
2.
Many of its rules are still vague and
uncertain.
3.
The absence of international executive
authority of enforce, international law is another big hindrance in the way of
its efficient compulsory in international relations.
4.
The weakness of the international
court of justice to exercise compulsory and binding adjudication is another big
hindrance.
5.
The scope of international law is
limited and many matters such as tariffs, bounties, trade market etc. fall
outside the ambit of international law, although they are potential sources of
conflict among nations.
These
weakness of International Law have been instrumental in keeping limited role of
International Law as an instrument of International relations.
·
WHAT
IS THE NEED OF WORLD GOVERNMENT ? HOW THE WORLD STATE CAN BE CREATED ?
Need of
World Government – In view of the enormous distruction brought by the two world
wars and the possibility of even more destructive third world war which might
be fought with nuclear weapons, there is a growing realization among scholars
and statesman that only through world government this destruction can be
avoided. The world government is also desirable to put an end to the anarchic
conditions prevailing in the present day international society. These anarchic
conditions have arisen because each state tries to promote its national
interests and does not hesitate to violate the principles of international law
if its national interest so demands. The world government alone would be able
to keep the sovereign nations in their respective jurisdiction and promote
world peace. The world government shall ensure world peace by preventing war
and diverting the funds at present used for the conduct of war, for the moral
and material upliftment of the people all over the world.
Creation of World Government –
The world
state can be created by two possible ways. Firstly, through conquest and world
domination by one power, and secondly, through the world federation, which
would preserve the national freedom of the states and ensure benefits of a vast
world government.
The other
method suggested for the formation of a world government is the federation on
the pattern of Switzerland and USA. It was argued that the federation of
Switzerland was formed by a number of sovereign nations with different
languages, culture, history and loyalties. Similarly, the various nation of the
world can join hands to form the world federation.
Again it
has been suggested that a world federation can be created through a
constitutional convention on the pattern of USA. But the example of USA only
proves that the formation of a world government depends on the pre-existence of
moral and political community.
·
DISCUSS
THE EVALUATION, ASSUMPTIONS AND TYPES OF BALANCE OF POWER.
Evaluation
–
In the
nineteenth century and until world war I, Great Britain, France, Germany,
Russia, Italy and Austria, Hungry were the main actor in the game of Balance of
Power. The game required at least five actors. In this game no actor should be
completely eliminated. If that was done the absorbing state or states might
become too powerful. If one of the actor becoming too powerful even a military
action should be taken to prevent it. In this game no state could have a
permanent alignment. The alignment must change according to the changing
balance. Throughout the nineteenth century and in the early part of the present
century, Great Britain played an important role in maintain the balance of
power in Europe.
Assumption
–
1.
Each state protects it vital
interests, right and privilages through all possible means – both peaceful and
violent. Some of the vital interests which states generally try to protect
include territorial integrity, independence, security, preservation of domestic
economic, political and social systems, etc.
2.
Each state keep itself concerned with
power relationship to protect its vital interests.
3.
The balance of power either deters the
threatening state from launching an attack to permits the victim to avoid
defeat if an attack takes place.
4.
The statesmen make foreign policy
decision on the basis of power considerations. If it is not done, the
deliberate balancing of power cannot occur.
Types
of Balance of Power –
1.
Simple
or Complex balance of power –
If
the balance of power aims at the preservation of safety of the nationalities of
the world, it is known as simple balance of power. On the other hand, the
balance of power is complex, if it concentrates on the preservation of peace
due to warning position of the two militant nations. The two types of balance
of power can run concurrently among the various nations of the world.
2.
Local,
Regional or Worldwide balance of power –
Balance
of Power can be Local, Regional or Worldwide; depending upon the area of its
operation. If the balance of power seeks to checkmate only one power or state,
which poses a threat to the freedom of other neighbouring states, it is
regarded as local. If it is aimed at maintaining balance in particular
geographical or political region. The balance of power is regarded worldwide if
it concerns more than region.
3.
Rigid
or flexible balance of power –
A
balance of power is regarded as rigid if two groups of states take a particular
stand and are not willing to deviate from that stand. The rigid stand taken by
USA and USSR as leader of the two groups which emerged after Second World War
is an example of such type of balance of power. On the other hand, if the
member states change their alignment and seek fresh alliance due to changed
circumstances, the balance of power is regarded as flexible.
·
CLASSIFY
THE SPECIALIZED AGENCIES OF UN –
There are
a number of specialized agencies which concern themselves with certain aspects
of the world affairs. These specialized agencies can be broadly classified into
four categories –
I.
There are some agencies like
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), World Meteorological Organization
(WMO), Universal postal Union (UPU) and International Telecommunication Union
(ITU), International Maritime Organization (IMO) which are concerned with
technical matters.
II.
There are agencies like the
International Labour Organization (ILO), United Nations Educational Scientific
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), World Health Organization (WHO),
International Fund for Agricultural and Development (IFAD) which are concerned
with social and humanitarian activities.
III.
There are agencies like International
Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) or World Bank, International
Development Association (IDA), International Finance Corporation (IFC), etc.
which are concerned with financial and economic development.
IV.
There are agencies like Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO), and International Trade Organization which are
concerned with economic problems.
·
THE
ARAB LEAGUE : ITS PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES –
The Arab
League was formed in March 1945 when Egypt, Iraq, Jordon, Lebanon, Saudi
Arabia, Syria and Yemen, signed the pact for its creation in Cairo.
Subsequently other countries like Algeria, Kuwait, Libya, Morocco, Sudan and
Tunisia also joined it. In 1980, the strength of the league rose to 21. The
league was created to encourage close collaboration between the member states
and to safeguard the independence and sovereignty of the Arab states.
Objectives of the League –
The objective of
the Leauge were outlined in Article 2 of the Charter, which includes the
following –
First to strength
relation between the members states.
Secondly, to
co-ordinate the policies of the member states with a view to encourage
co-operation among them and to safeguard their independence and sovereignty.
Thirdly, to have
general concern with the affairs and interests of the Arab countries.
Fourthly, to
promote close co-operation among the members states, with due regards to their
organization and circumstances, on the matters relating to :
a.
Economic and financial affairs
including commercial relations, customs, currency and questions of agriculture
and industry.
b.
Communication, including rail – roads,
roads, aviation, navigation, telegraphs and posts.
c.
Cultural extra – affairs.
d.
Nationality, passports, visas,
execution of judgments and extraditions of criminals.
e.
Social affairs and,
f.
Human problems.
g.
In additions to this the members
states are expected to respect the systems of government existing in other
members states and are pledged to abstain from any action calculated to change
established system of government.
·
WHAT
IS LIMITATION OF NATIONAL POWER ?
Limitation on National Power – there
is need of putting check on power of powerful states or to put some limitations
to their power, so that they should not misuse their powers. This is called
limitation on National Power. The most important limitation on national power
are Balance of Power, International Morality, the World Public Opinion,
International Law and the United Nations.
Balance
of Power –
A balance of
power is a state of stability between competing forces. In international
relations, it refers to equilibrium among countries or alliances to prevent any
one entity from becoming too strong and, thus, gaining the ability to enforce
its will upon the rest.
There are two types of balance of
power – the simple balance, which exist between two nations or any two groups
of nations of nearly equal power and the multiple balance of power that exists
among many nations or group of nations, balancing one another.
International Morality –
International
morality is one of the limitations on National power. Morality and law are
intimately related to each other. But they are different. Moral values depend
upon the willful acceptance of the community. Legal values are backed by the
sanctions of the government.
World Public Opinion –
Another limitation
on the power of a nation, which is more elusive and lacks analytical precision,
is the concept of world public opinion. No nation can exercise the power at its
disposal to secure its selfish ends in violation of the world public opinion. The
term world public opinion effectively guards the interests of the humanity as a
whole whenever any government or nation execute a particular foreign policy,
which is against the interest of mankind.
International Law –
International
law is the set of rules generally regarded and accepted as binding in
relations between states and between nations. It serves as a framework for the
practice of stable and organized international relations. In the field of
International relations the execution of national policy for the fulfillment of
the national interests requires the use of force. The most common method of use
of force is threat of war. If each nation uses it power in unlimited terms
against her neighbor or opponent, the world society would come to an end. There
would be no peace or stability. There would be progress in the field of art or
literature, science, or technology. To overcome all this code of conduct in the
nature of international law is necessary to limit the national power.
·
WHAT
IS NON – STATE ACTOR? GIVE CLASSIFICATION OF NON-STATE ACTORS.
·
ROLE
OF NON-STATE ORGANIZATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL.
The Non-State
actors play an important role in international politics and which greatly influence
the course of international politics. These non-state actors greatly differ
with regards to their scope and purpose. Some of the non-state actors of
international politics are –
a.
UNO
– the United Nations –
The
United Nations has played important role in international politics. It is a
permanent organization with a membership of 184 members. It has worked as fact
finder, investigated the issues and reported its findings. UNO has acted as
mediator and made suggestions for reasonable settlement.
b.
Regional
Organizations –
The
Regional Organizations are other important Non-State Actors. The regional
organizations usually lack supra-national authority and hence do not enjoy any
power over their constituent parts. They also do not possess any unified
institutions, practices and attitudes, therefore, they can hope to bring about
only peaceful changes in the territorial boundaries of the organization.
c.
Multi-national
Corporation –
The
multinationals, business firms engaged in production and marketing activities beyond
the borders of one state, are important Non-state actors of international
politics. Multinational corporations (MNC’s) possess a very tightly integrated
production and marketing system and pursue policies which aim at enhancing the
economics position of the firm. The numbers of MNC’s has greatly increased in
recent years. The yearly values of MNC’s come in conflicts with states and host
states can refuse permission to new MNC’s to established themselves and
nationalize those already operating in the country, but generally these states
are reluctant to do so because of beneficial effect of MNC’s.
d.
National
Liberation Organization –
National
Liberation Organization are other important Non-state Units of International
Politics. A number of such organizations have been formed in different parts of
the world such as Viet Cong, Irish Republican Army, PLO and many more. These
organizations differ in size, structure, strength, and ideology. A notable
feature of these organizations is that they do not possess any legal authority
over a specific territory and merely seek to liberate that territory from
perceptions of the past common hopes for future. These organizations make use
of military policy instruments for the attachment of their objectives.
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