SOCIETY
-
Society is the subject matter of Sociology.
Definition
–
Adam
Smith –
“Society is an artificial
device of natural economy”
Mac
Iver –
“Society
is a system of usages and procedures, authority and mental aid of many groups
that control human behavior”
Talcot
Parson’s –
“Society
may be defined as a total complex of human relationships”
Feature
of Society –
1) A definite territories –
Society
is a territorial group. The population occupies a common geographical area
based on natural or manmade boundaries.
2) Progeny –
Human
society is pre-dominantly formed for human reproduction, adoption, enslavement,
conquest or immigration. Reproduction remains a fundamental source for members
within a society.
3) Culture –
Every
society has its own culture. Culture is an acquired behavior which is shared
and transmitted among its members. It is a continuous process. There are also
sub-cultures.
4) Independence –
Society
is permanent self contend & an integral group.
5) Social Interaction –
The bases for any society are its social
interactions. Human behavior is social and the relationship is based upon
mutual sentiments between its members. Interaction is a continuous process,
which becomes possible through communication.
6)
Demography
–
Human
society contains population i.e males & females of different ages in order
to be a continued process.
SOCIAL
GROUP –
INTRODUCTION
–
Man is a social animal and he cannot live isolated. There
is a constant interaction among them.
Definition
–
E.S
Bogadarz –
A group is a number of units of
anything is close proximity to one another.
Mac
Iver & Page –
By
group we mean any collection of social beings who enter into a distinctive
social relationship with one another.
Feature of a group –
1)
Reciprocal
relations –
The members of a group are
inter-related to each other. Simply a gathering of persons cannot form a group.
Mutual relations are considered essential for the formation of a social group.
2)
Sense
of unity –
A sense of unity is
essential for every group. Groups members are tied by a sense of unity. By
virtue of such a sense, member of a group develop loyalty or a feeling of
sympathy among themselves.
3)
We –
feeling –
The members of a social
group develop a sense of “We” feeling among them. “We-feelings” fosters
co-operation among members and helps to defend their interest collectively.
They treat other as outsides and try to make their group prosperous and
self-sufficient.
4)
Common
interest –
The interest and ideals of a
group are common. In fact, people form the group for the fulfillment of their
common objective and interest.
5)
Group
Norms –
Every group has its own
rules and norms, which the member are supposed to follow. The group exercises
control over its member through the norms.
6)
Similarities
of behaviors –
As the articles, ideals and
values of the persons of a group are common, they behave in more or less
similar way for the achievements of common interests.
7)
Stability
–
Groups are permanent or
temporary in nature. Some groups like the crowd, mob, etc. are temporary and
unstable. But the group like family is permanent and stable in nature.
8)
Groups
are dynamic –
Social groups are not
static. They are dynamic. The rate od change may be slow or rapid. Due to
internal and external pressures, groups undergo changes.
SOCIAL
GROUP –
INTRODUCTION
–
Man is a social animal and he cannot live isolated. There
is a constant interaction among them.
Definition
–
Mac
Iver & Page –
By group we mean any collection of
social beings who enter into a distinctive social relationship with one
another.
Ogurn
& Nimkolk –
Whenever
two or more individual comes together and influence one another constitute a
social group.
Feature and Characteristic –
1)
Numbers of individual -
Single person can constitute a group. They
must be a number of individual to form a group. E.g – Family, Caste, Clan, Kin.
Etc.
2) Feeling of unity –
This is an essential feature of a group.
There are feelings, sympathy between the members of the group.
3) Common Interest –
Interest, idle interest and the values of
different person in the groups tends to be common as it promotes unity and
solidarity. It is a unique feature of social group
Function of Groups –
1)
All
human needs are satisfied within the group. Certain believe, values and ideals
are commonly followed by the group members. This generates a feeling of unity
and belongingness.
2)
A
group provides security there is a co-operation between its members which leads
to proper growth and continues survival of human species.
3)
Groups
share common goals.
4)
Social
behavior and the personality of an individual is shape by the group to which he
belongs.
Types of Social Groups – (Important)
Social
groups can be classified into
1) Primary and Secondary Groups.
2) In Group and Out Group
3) Formal and Informal Group
4) Reference Group
Primary and Secondary Groups –
Charles coolly in his book Social
organization has describes primary & secondary groups on the basis of human
behavior.
Primary groups are
referred to small association of people who are intimately collected by
emotional feelings. E.g – Family is a primary group. There is a face to face
association. The size is limited and there is intimacy among its members
co-operation is the unique feature as member have a common aim. Members have a
personal relationship.
Secondary groups are just the opposite of
a primary group. They are a large sized group. E.g – Political party,
Corporation, A nation etc. the contacts are superficial and unidentified. The
membership is not compulsory. The relationship is formal and impersonal. This
is regulated by rule. The position or status of every member depends upon his
role. The purpose of a secondary group is to fulfill specific function.
In group and Out group –
William Grum Sumner in his book Folkways
divided social groups into two ways in group. Is we groups and the out group is
the groups or other groups.
An In group has a feeling of one ness.
Welfare binds them members are sympatric towards one another there is mutual
co-operation health and good will. There is solidarity, sentiments, loyalty and
intimacy. Out groups are a circle of people where there is no sense of
belongingness. There is in difference competition, jealously, hatred and even
conflicts.
Formal and Informal –
Formal groups are guided be written rules
and roles to its members. It is regulated and controlled by established norms
and values (rules), the members have to obey the rules. Any serious violation
of the rules by a member needs the punishments. Membership is based on qualification and every
member has to play a definite role. It is culturally heterogeneous. Eg. –
Political Party, Business firm, Armies, Government firm, University. A group
without frame rule, goals, and leaders is called an informal group. It is
established on the basis of interpersonal relations. Joint activities felling
of belongingness to a group bound by common interest. There is we felling,
mutual likings, emotional attractions, understanding and respect for each other
with in the group, customs and traditions is a basis of a informal group.
Reference Group –
Reference Group was introduced by “Heyman”
and developed by “Merton”. It is a group which acts like a models to others.
The individual compares and contrasts himself with the reference groups,
behaviors, goals, sentiments etc.
Definition –
Sheriff – (Short
Note)
Those group to which individual relates to
himself as a part or to which he relates himself psychologically. Thus, the groups
follows and observe the behavior pattern and social & economic standard and
the psychological levels to the reference group.
Peer Group –
Group of people of similar status are
called peer group. E.g. Class mates, Close Friends, etc. Peer group often
formed on the basis of similarities between people who come together to
participate in similar activities. Peer group often meets each other regularly.
Crowd –
Crowd is a collection of persons who are
united temporary and results in common actions.
Horton & Hunt –
“Crowd is a temporary collection of people
reacting together to stimuli (Instant reaction).
Culture –
The word culture is a Latin word “colert”
which means to cultivate. Culture is referred to the aristocratic class for their
attainment of higher levels of lives and civilization to simply put it culture
is “the way of life”.
Definition –
“Malilowski” –
Culture
is handwork of man and the medium through which he achieves his ends.
Laviere –
The culture is the
embodiment, in customs, traditional etc. of the learning of a social group over
the generation.
White
–
The culture is a
symbolic continuous, cumulative and progressive process.
Elements of Culture –
1)
Culture
is learned and an acquired behavior not hereditary.
2)
Culture
is dynamic
3)
Culture
is social, idealistic and has the receiving capacity.
4)
Culture
is continuous with gradual changes.
5)
It
is a human phenomenon which continuous through tradition.
6)
It
is a total way of life.
Feature of Indian Culture –
1) Sense of harmony –
Indian culture
achieves harmony and order. Which is the basic foundation and balances the
Indian country. The basic team “Purusharthas”.
2)
Tolerance.
3)
Emphasis
on duty.
4)
The
ideal of joint family system
5)
Diversity
and unity
6)
Respect
towards elders.
Classification of Culture –
1) Material and Non Material Culture –
According to W.F Oburn, he divided culture
into two aspects. Material Culture and Non Material Culture. Material culture
refers to concrete object E.g. House, clothing, utensils, books etc. Non Material
Culture refers to abstract creation of man. E.g. Language, Literature, art,
Law, etc.
2) Acculturation –
Acculturation is define as “learning
consciously or unconsciously of a culture through contracts. Eg. – immigrants
culture. There are culture changes that take place due contracts with different
culture. It creates close and intiment relationships. A conjugations of two
cultures, can be termed as a culturation.
3) Assimilation –
It is a process in which one culture becomes
very close or intimate with one another as to lose its individually.
4)
Culture Lag Theory –
This term “Culture Lag” was coined by W.F
Ogburn under “Social Charges” Lag means “Crippled movement”. Culture lag means
faltering one aspect of culture behind another. He described it as “Material
and Non Material Culture”. Their exist a strain between two related parts of
the culture which changes at unequal rates of speed. It could be slow and rapid
that is to say that one culture falls behind the other.
This could be disasters to the
society as there could be competing and unhealthy response between the two
cultures.
Personality –
The word is derived from the Latin
word “Persona” which was used for the mask. It refers to actors, performance
different roles.
Definition –
G.
Murphy –
“personality is neither
a biological nor social alone but bio-social”
Lundberg
–
“The term
‘personality’ refer to the habit, attitudes, and other social traits that are
characteristic of a given individual behavior’
Types of Personality –
1) Introvert –
According to Carl Gustal Jung, introvert
means “Those occupied with their own”. The person or his personality is slender
and thus are called as ‘Pykrnic’”.
2) Extrovert –
Extrovert is “with things outside self” they
are usually “a stout person” and are called Leptsome.
Status and role –
Status Position –
Status
is referred to as social position and individual enjoys or occupies in the
society. The status is high if the role he place is significant or important.
Thus status of a person is based on evaluations.
Definition –
Lapire –
“Social status is the
position in which & individual occupies in a society”
Mac
Iver –
“Status is the social
position than determine for its possessor apart from his personal attribute or
social service, a degree of respect, restage & influence.
Feature of Status –
Status
is not permanent –
It changes with the passage of time
and situations also.
Status is relative.
Types of Status –
1) Ascribed Status –
Ascribed
Status is the form of status not acquire but assigned when a child is born into
a family. It is given to the individual without any reference to their
abilities or skills. It is based on sex, age, kinship, heredity, economic,
conditions of the group. It cannot be changed.
2) Achieved Status –
Achieved
Status is that which a person earns attains out of his own personal efforts.
Specialization in education, sharp vision of labour, vocational expertise, etc.
have changed the condition of life which are conducive to achieve status.
Physical duty, skilled in music, scientific knowledge, cultural exinence, etc.
raises the status of an individual.
Difference between Ascribed and Achieved
Status –
Role –
The word role refers to the part an
actor plays. Thus, role consists of behaviors excepted of an individual within
the community. The task performed by an individual makes the role he is
expected to play in life.
Definition –
Jems
Berg –
“Status is a position
and role is the manner in which that position is supposed to be field.
Type of Role –
Ralth Linton classified roles into –
1) Ascribed Roles –
Roles are more automatically acquired is
called roles. The individual has no choice over its ascribed roles. It is
established at birth and he has to perform certain roles inventively based on
family, race, etc.
2)
Achieved Status –
These are assigned, upholding a standard the
person has some choice. However, he has to play the achieved role. It’s usually
includes occupational roles and it contains social pressure.
Role Conflict –
The society is net erogenous in
nature. There is scope for conflicts and tensions involving discharging of
duties as members in the society.
Role conflicts arise due to choice
in two or more roles which are equally important specially in a rapidly
changing society. The individual feels it difficult to choose between the
conflicting roles or behaviors.
Causes for conflicts are –
1)
Cultural
heterogeneity and complex system.
2)
When
two or more individual are authorized to perform the same ‘Function’.
3)
When
two individual has to play many roles through different groups.
Norms and Values –
Norms are patterns that sets limit
on the individual behavior. It is defined as standard group of behavior. If put
down rules and regulations governing the behavior of an individual in the
society has to whether he likes or dislikes, it is a guiding factor of an
individual behavior in the society.
According to Broom & Seiznic –
“ The norms are blue prints for
behavior, setting limits within which individuals make seek alternate ways to
achieve their goals.”
Community –
The word community is derived from
the Latin word “Com” means together and “Munis” meaning service. Thus community
means serve together. A community is a social group of people living in a given
area and have we feeling.
Definition –
Mac Klever –
“Community is an area of social
living marked by some degree of social coherence”
Freclinand Tonnes –
“A community is one in which human
relationship are intimate and durable”
Feature of community –
1)
Community
is a group of human being living a common life.
2)
It
is permanent but not transitory or temporary.
3)
Every
community has a particular name which gives it identity.
4)
A
community may be big or small. Larger the community there is scope for peace
and protection, smaller the community provides friends and friendship.
Types of community –
1) Folk Community –
The Folk community is small in size isolated
from other communities. Most of it member are non-literate. They have a strong
sense of group solidarity. Behavior is traditional, spontaneous and very
personal.
2) Tribal Community –
It is a society based upon Kingship united in
language, social distance from the other world (Society). They follow tribal
traditions believes and customs, and also have territorial affinity &
isolation.
3) Rural Community –
Rural community is a human settlements which
is relatively small less populated and homogenous and an informal group.
4) Urban Community –
Urban community is a human settlement which
is relatively large & socially heterogeneous. They have occupational and
economic structure as its feature. It is pre-dominantly non-agriculture there
is usage of machinery etc.
Feature of Norms –
1)
Social
norms control the behavior and conduct of an individual within the society.
2)
Norms
operate in the society to control individual behavior.
3)
Norms
could be written as well as unwritten.
4)
Social
norms compel an individual to change his attitude and adopt group feelings.
Function of Norms –
1)
The
standards of behavior contains in norms regulate the individual behavior in the
society.
2)
Norms
help in maintenance of social objective and value of the individual in the
society.
3)
Norms
guide the members to judge others as well as themselves.
Types of Norms –
1)
Prescriptive and
Proscriptive Norms
–
Prescriptive norms are the rules and
regulation on which must be followed in social activity and behavior. It tell
us “what we shall not do”
2) Ideal and Practical Norms –
Ideal norms are put forth for the members of
the society that has to be accepted and obeyed. It can be followed as
overlooked.
Practical norms are those which every members
of the society can follow and practice.
3) Folkways & Mares –
Folkways
–
Social norms are distinguished into Folkways
& Mares. The term Folkways was coined by William Graham Sumna. It means the
way of the Folk, the way people satisfy their needs, interacts with one another
in order to lead peaceful life. Folkways are norms to which an individual
confirms because it is the customary usage to follow in the society. Confirming
to Folkway is neither by law nor by force in the society.
Mares –
Summer coined the word “Mares” which means
morals. It constitutes the care of normative order. There are certain moral
rules which a society has to follow and accept for its social wellbeing.
Individuals cannot violet them as Mares carry a ‘must’ and are accompany by
Heavy Negative sanction (Punishment / Fines)
Mac –
Iver & Page
–
“When Folkways had added to them conception
of groups, welforce, standards of right as wrong, they are converted into
Mares.
Social
Values –
Values
refer to “views” about “what is desirable”. They are general standards that are
independent in different situations. It is can be the purpose for goals or
meaningful expectations in the culture context. Value in life is significant.
Values
and Norms are assurance towards the preservation of life.
Institution –
Man is a social animal. Who has various need
and to satisfy them he forms
Organizations and frames rules of procedure
such organizations are known as institution.
Definition –
Mac Iver & Page –
“An
institution is the established forms of the condition of procedure or
characteristics of group activity”.
Gelel
& Gilling –
“A
social institution is a functional configuration of cultural patters which
poses certain permanence and which is intended to satisfy special needs.
Feature of Institutions –
1)
Institutions
are formed for the fulfillment of primary & secondary needs of an
individual
2)
Institutions
have some definite objectives to achieve.
3)
Most
of the institutions have evolved. Eg. – Family, Marriage, State, Etc.
4)
Values
and Norms are the standards which are followed and prescribed in the
institutions.
Functions / importance of Institution –
1)
Institution
promotes unity within the human civilization.
2)
Institution
controls the behavior of man and guides them according to situations.
3)
Institutions
exist for the society and govern providing security to the members of the
society.
4)
Institution
simplifies the groups and created a conducive atmosphere.
Formal and Informal Social Control –
Formal types are those that are
specifically created for the control of the individuals. Eg. – Laws, Police,
Army, IPC, Etc.
Informal types are those which run
in the family lineage. Eg.- Customs, Traditions, Believe, etc. which are
develop by the members for the needs of the society.
Function of Social Control –
1)
It
maintains order and stability of human behavior.
2)
There
is unity in the society as individuals confirm to norms.
3)
It
enforces Folkways, Customs, Morals, and ideals to be preserved within the
society.
Agencies of Social Control (Important – 12
Marks) –
Introduction –
E.A Ross described the means of
Social Controls. The most important among them are folkways, mores, customs, personality,
religion, suggestions, public opinion and law (formal agencies).
Informal agencies are gossip,
Sympathy, resentment (hatred), sense of justice, believe, morals, etc.
Informal means of Social control –
1) Believe –
Believe refers to a convection of something
unseen. Eg. – Reincarnation, (Transmigration of Soul), power, existence of
nemesis (God), presence of Soul, etc. believe in such natural sanctions has
certain advantages as people follow it blindly. Disobedience is sin and they
would be punished by God. Thus, such believe strengthens social control,
stability, and order in the society.
2) Customs –
Customs refer to the established social ways
that regulate the lives of the members within the society.
3) Morals –
Morals refer to Laws concerning the goodness
and badness of different concepts. In the modern society non-violence, truth,
justice and equality are considered as good moral. Violating it is condemned.
4) Suggestion –
Social suggestions operate sub-consciously.
Great peoples collations, advice, principles are found to be effective methods
of social controls.
5) Public opinion –
It refers to the prevailing and pre-dominant
attitudes and judgments of the members of a community. It greatly influences
the behavior of its members. It is strong force that influences social behavior
and is an important form of social control.
Formal means of Control –
1) Education –
Education trains an individual on the pattern
of politeness that differs from society to society. It includes values of
discipline, co-operation, tolerance and sacrifice, qualities of honesty, fair
play and sense of right and wrong is understood due to formal education. It
controls the behavior of individual.
2) Administration of Law –
According to Ross “Law is the most
specialized and highly furnished engine of social control in the society, it
empower the executive government to punish those who violet the established
social order in the society”. It exercises powerful control by preventing
citizens becoming an obstacle in the path of another. Thereby protecting social
security.
3) Coercion or Physical Force –
It is the ultimate means of social control
where physical force is used to achieve the goal. It may be in the form of
corporal punishments, imprisonment or even a death penalty. The fear of
physical punishment puts a check on prospective criminal. It is an effective weapon
that deters the people from violating the law. Eg. – Police, Army, who use
instruments of physical force to attain the end.
Max labour consider it to interpret
and understand behavior. Thus, according to the specialistic school of thought
sociology esay study of one aspect of social relation or behavior that is their
forms.
Criticism –
1)
The
concept of pure sociology is not practical.
2)
It
is not the only science to study human behavior.
3)
Scope
of sociology is confirm (limited).
Systematic schools of thought –
The Systematic schools of thought
viewed sociology as dealing with the whole human race in general. Gense Burg
divided its subject matter into four parts, that is –
1)
Social
Morphology
2)
Social
Control
3)
Special
Process
4)
Social
Pathology
Emile Durkheim divides into three principles
that is –
1)
Special
Morphology
2)
Special
Physiology
3)
Sociology.
Included study of relationships between
different aspects of social phenomenon. He inter-related social life.
Conclusion –
To conclude sociology provides
classification and forms of social relationships. Eg. – Institution,
Associations, Communities, Etc.
Important of Sociology –
1)
Sociology
makes a scientific study of society.
2)
It
understands the role of institution in the development of human personality.
Eg. – Family, Marriage, Mobility, Etc.
3)
It
teaches intrinsic value and dignity of life.
4)
Sociological
knowledge helps in understanding and enraged culture of different people for
various profession, occupation, caste and community.
5)
Stimulates
very person to overcome narrow mindedness, prejudices, egoism, ambitions and
class hatred.
Relevance of Law to Sociology –
Law is a social function, it is an
expression of human society regarding the inter-relationship of its different
members, and the state maintains law in the society. Sociology deals with
certain social disorganization within the society. It provides solutions to
control maladies found in the society. Its main concern its dealing with group
internal forms and modes of organization. Thereby making provision for changes.
Law is an effective instrument of
social change and social control. The society and the legal system are
inseparable sociology and jurisprudence (legal theory) are complimentary to
each other. A lawyer is not technician knowing legal text. Legal machinery and
procedure but is a social physician (Doctor) and heal the society with proper
justice. Thus, it is important that they understand the society for making laws
and leas the society towards progress (Labour Law, Public Laws, Sport Laws,
Cyber Crime Laws)
Sociology and Jurisprudence –
The sociologist is in better
position to interpret laws usefully without any mistake. In the modern times,
jurisprudence has established itself as a separate social science. Some notable
sociologist – August Herbert, Spences, Email Derthine, Karl Marks and Max
Vabour have contributed a lot to sociology.
Indian sociologist like M.N
Shriniwas, K.M Kapadia, D.M. Mazumdar, S.C Dubey, A.R Desai, G.S Ghurge.
Thus it is clear that the
sociologist is concern with law as a social phenomenon. He studies law in a
practical way through observation.
Criminology and Penology –
Criminology and Penology are the
branches of “Sociology of Law” criminology deals with the systematic study of
crime and criminal behavior from the social view of point. On the other hand,
Penology studies the effect of different penal codes, systems and punishment.
It also studies the efficiency (usefulness) of reforms and rehabilitation
schemes in the changing of criminal behavior.
Conclusion –
The branch of social helps law makes
and execution to provide affecting laws which understand human behavior from
the sociology view of point.
Sociology and Legal Profession –
Law is an instrument of the society
and its object is achievement of justice, stability and peaceful change.
Sociology of legal profession can be defined as a science of institution
dealing with legal phenomenon. Its inter-connection of the different parts in
the legal systems, legal profession and the bar council of India. The Bar
council of India was constituted as per the advocates Act 1961.
Some of its functions were –
1)
Proper
understand of professional conducts for advocates.
2)
Follow
procedure laid down by the disciplinary committee.
3)
To
safeguard rights, privileges and interest of the advocates.
4)
To
promote and support law reforms, legal education, organized legal aid for the
poor, conduct seminar and organized task on legal topics by eminent judges.
Bar and bench relations –
1)
Relation
between public in the society.
2)
Relation
with clients,People have to confirm rules and regulation lead down by the
society. Such compulsory and mandatory rules are termed as social control. The
important aim is conformity to society norms and expectations.
Definition –
Adverse Rose –
“Social control is the systems of
device whereby by the society brings its members into conformity with accepted
standards of behavior.
Feature of Social Controls –
1)
It
influences people through public opinion, suggestion, religion and reasoning.
2)
It
influences groups, states, club, trade union Etc.
3)
It
exercises welfare of the whole community.
Types of Social Controls –
1) Direct and In direct
Social control –
Karl Mannuhm divided Social Control into
direct and indirect.
Direct control is exercised
upon the individual by the response of the people living together.
Eg. – Family, School,
Friends, Etc.
Individual
behavior is controlled by criticism praise or suggestions, precaution, Etc.
Indirect
Control is exercised by groups or factors separated from the individual.
Eg. – Tradition,
Institutions, Customs. Etc.
2) Positive and Negative Social Control –
Kimball
Young divided it into positive and negative control. Positive means behavior
confirming to tradition, values and ideas. Accepted by the society. If the
person violates the socially accepted behavior, norms, customs, Etc. there is a
threat of punishment like criticism, ridicule, Etc. this is called Negative
Control.
Socialization –
Definition –
“Socialization is a process by which
a individual learn to conforms to the norms of a group.”
Gooley –
“Socialization is process through
which an individual developed his own self by learning the norms and by knowing
about his own self form other.”
Phases of Socialization –
According to Giddnes there are two
phases – Primary and Secondary Socialization.
Primary Socialization –
Primary
Socialization takes place in impansy and childhood. It is the most crucial
stage as basic behavior pattern are learnt.
The child interanalysis many socially
approved valued, attitude, believe and behavior pattern. The primary stage
consists of oral stage, anal stage and oedival stage.
Secondary
Socialization –
Secondary
Socialization starts from the latten stage of childhood and goes up to maturity
Socialization
is a continuous process that takes place in the life if an individual.
Anticipatory Socialization –
It is a kind of learning that
describe a process future role. It makes the individual anticipatory his order
own participation in a social situation by watching and observing others
behavior in particular situation.
Factors of the process of Socialization –
There
are four factors of the process of Socialization –
1) Imitation –
Imitation means copying the action of
another. Children imitate their parents; language is acquired by the child only
through imitation.
2) Suggestion –
Suggestion is the process of communicating
information through languages, sign or picture. It influences the behavior of
an individual.
3) Identification –
In the early stage the child cannot identify
properly and most of his actions are random as he grows in the age he realize
his needs and satisfaction (desires) through identification he became
socialist.
4) Language –
Language is the medium of social intercourse
and plays an important role in the process of socialization. Through language
an individual identifies himself with his family, friends, and neighbors. Etc.
5) Social Control –
Society checks individual behavior through
social control. Any person deviating beyond the norms and value of society is
liable to criticism.
6)
Providing
a sense of unity and solidarity.
7) Human Prosperity –
Human Prosperity and intellectual development
become possible in a free and liberated society.
Types of Society – (Short Notes – Important)
–
Gemen Schaft & Gesell Schaft
German sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies in his book “Community and Association”
explained German Schaft and Gesell Schaft is a type of society in which life is
personal, traditional and intimate. A community where every one knows everybody
else where they share a sense of togetherness on the other hand Gesell Schaft
is a type of society dominated by impersonal relationship, individual
accomplishment and self-interest. The traditional society, now a days is
replaced by contractual relations were personal attachments are absent. People
are strangers to one another especially sound in urban areas.
Modern and Primitive
–
Theories of Society
or Social Contracts Theories – (Important – Short Note) –
Thomas Hobbes –
Thomas Hobbes put forward the social contracts
theories. According to him the individual retained natural rights to life,
liberty and status they were his natural and inalienable right of man with the
agreement by each individual and end in being put to the state of nature and a
civil social has been substituted.
According to the term of this
contract the civil society is empowered by the government to make consistent
laws.
It has been followed by the citizen.
If the government fails to carry out the functions, people are justified in
over flowing and setting up new government
Unity in Diversity –
India being a secular nation with a
vast population having different religion, caste, creed. Etc. is still united
by the feeling and love towards nation.
India is totally a diverse country
the diversity in India can stated or classifies as below –
1) Religion –
Indian people have adopted many different
religions, not since now but from the ancient time. There is a vast difference
in every religions believe.
2) Language –
Since India is a huge country with 28 states
in it and every state have its own languages. Even it is further divide that
the language changes within the state itself.
3) Social –
Some people are educated in the society
(India) while the large numbers of people are uneducated. People who are
educated have a broad sense of living while on the other hand the case of
uneducated is totally opposite. i.e they have very narrow and conserved
thinking.
CHAPTER NO. 06
SOCIAL INSTITUTION –
Marriage and Family –
Introduction –
Marriage –
Among social institution marriage,
family, kinship, economic, political, religion and education institution are
the most significant. They are the basic institution with in the society.
Definition –
Hotten & Hant –
“Marriage is the approval social patterns
were by two or more person establish a family.” Various skills – “Marriage is a
contract for the production one maintenance at children’s.”
Feature of Marriage –
1)
Marriage
is universal.
2)
It
is the basic for formation of family.
3)
It
fixes the responsibility of bringing of children upon the parents.
4)
Legitimization
of children out born out of such union becomes of social need.
Function of Marriage –
1) Biological Function –
The institution of marriage regulates and
socially validates long term legitimate sexual relation between male and
female. Reproduction is preheated. Hence, biological function is an important
function of marriage.
2) Social Function –
Social Function to healthy
relations and co-operation between individual within the society. The children
born out of the wedlock are socially recognized and accepted by the society as
legitimate, legal heir to the property and assets of the family.
3) Educational function –
Care and protection of the offspring is the
main function of the social organization. The institution of marriage unable
parenting the young children and educating them.
4)
Marriage is an
institution
–
Marriage is institution checks prostitution.
Its keeps the children the healthy it create high standard in the society
without moral marriage as an institution.
Types of Marriage –
1) Exogamy –
According to Hobel – Exogamy is a social rule
that prohibits a person from, marriage within a define social group of which he
a members. Exogamy is a practice of marriage outside a socially defined group.
E.g. – In the Hindus – Gotra, SirPinda are Exogamous groups.
Gotra – Gotra means group
of family that trace their origin from a common mythical assistor they consider
themselves to be relatives. SirPinda refers to persons of seven generation from
the father side and five people from the mother side.
2) Endogamy –
According to the Hobel, exogamy is a social
rule that requires a person to marry within a define social group of which he
is prohibited. In India, caste is endogamous. A person from one religion is not
accepted to marry a person from another religion.
Feature
of Endogamy –
Endagomous
marriage took place in order to maintain security and racial purity, religious
difference and culture variation.
3) Hikogamy
–
Hikogamy refers o the
type of marriage where a girl marries a person from a higher caste.
a)
Anuloma (Male from
the Higher Caste)
–
Anuloma
is a type of marriage where an a higher caste man marries a lower caste female.
b) Pratiloma (Female from the Higher Caste) –
A
Higher caste women marries a lower caste man, it is called Pratiloma.
4) Cross cousin Marriage –
Cross cousin Marriage to marriage between two
individuals who are children of siblings of opposite sex.
5) Parallel cousin marriage –
Parallel cousin marriage refers to the
marriage of two individual who are children of sibling of the same sex.
6) Lebirate –
It is a practice of marriage the decreased
husband, brother, it is preferred inorder to preserve the family property and
secure children.
7) Sorarate –
It is the practice of marriage. The decreased
wife, sister it is preferred in order to secure children.
8) Monogamy –
Monogamy is the practice of man marriage one
woman at a time. It is divided into –
Serial and Non-Serial Monogamy –
Social type refer to an individual having
life meant one after another but they can have one meant a particular time
Non-Serial refers to an individual living with one life made until death.
9) Polygamy –
Polygamy refers to one man having two or more
wives at a time. It is divided into two types –
a) Sororal Polygamy –
In
this type only wives are sisters.
b) Non-Sororal Polygamy –
In
this type the wives are from different families, not sister.
c) Polyandry –
It
is a type of polygamy. Here one woman marries more than one man at a given
time.
d) Group Man –
Several
men marry several women in this type of marriage it is very rare.
10) Companioned Marriage –
It is a marriage of persons on long mutual
understanding that as long as there are no children. The marriage may be
dissolved simply by mutual content.
11) Concubinage –
It is stage of living together as husband and
wife without marriage (Live in Relationship)
Family –
The word family is derived from the
roman word “Famulus” meaning a servant. Latin word “Familea” meaning house
hold. Family occupies an important place within the social institution through.
It has undergone many change it is still considered to be the black home of our
social structure.
Definition –
Morduck –
“Family is a social group
characterize by a common residence economic, co-operation and reproduction.
Kingslay Davis –
“Family is a group od person whose
relation to one another or are based on consanguinity (related by blood ties)
and who are therefore kin to one another.
Characteristic or Feature of Family –
1)
Universality
2)
Common
Household
3)
Financial
Provision
4)
Limited
Size
Function of Family –
According to Mack Iver & Page
family has two broad categories of function –
1) Essential and Non-Essential Type -
Essential
Function –
a)
Biological
–
Satisfaction
of sexual arges.
Reproduction
and baring of children.
Provision
of “Home” and “Minimum basic necessaries.
Socialization.
According to Burgardis
“Socialization” is the process of working together of developing the group,
being guided by the welfare need of the society.
Gridden
– Explains two phases of socialization primary and secondary –
Primary
takes places during infancy and childhood where the behavior is crucial. The
child learns, pattern of behavior, socially approved values, beliefs,
attitudes. Etc.
Secondary
socialization starts at a later stage hill maturity. Socialization is a continuous
process throughout the life of an individual.
Non-Essential
Function
–
a)
Economic
Functions
b)
Religious
function
c)
Education
Function
d)
Social
Function
Types of Family –
a)
Nuclear
Family
b)
Extended
family
c)
Joint
Family System
d)
Patriarchal
and Matriarchal Family
Consanguital & Conjugal Families –
Conjugal family refers to a nuclear
family of spouses and their children by relative surrounded.
