SUBJECT
POLITICAL SCIENCE
PORTION
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01
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CHAPTER NO.1
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DEFINATION
AND SCOPE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
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02
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CHAPTER NO. 2
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STATE
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A) MEANING OF STATE
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B) DEFINATION AND CONSTITUENT ELEMENT OF
STATE
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C) STATE WITH REFERENCE TO SOCIETY
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D) ASSOCIATION AND GOVERNMENT
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03
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CHAPTER NO. 3
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SOVEREIGNTY
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A) MEANING
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B) DEFINATION AND CHARACTERISTIC OF
SOVEREIGNTY
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C) AUSTIN THEORY OF SOVEREIGNTY
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D) PULARISTIC THERORY OF SOVEREIGNTY
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04
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CHAPTER NO. 4
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MAIN
CURRENT OF WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGH
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A) PLATO’S IDEA STATE AND ARISTOTLE
CLASSIFICATION OF STATE
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B) MCCULAY VIEW STATE CRAPT
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05
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CHAPTER NO. 5
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SECTION
II –
ORGANISATION
OF GOVERNMENT
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A) UNITARY AND FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
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B) PARLIAMENTRY AND PRESIDENCIAL PART OF
GOVERNMENT
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06
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CHAPTER NO. 6
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JUDICIARY
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A) FUNCTION AND ROLE
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B) THE PRINCIPAL AND PRESIDENCIAL PART
OF GOVERNMENT
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C) THE DOCTRINE REVIEW
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07
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CHAPTER NO. 7
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BASE
OF REPRESENTATION
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A) TERITORIAL OF REPRESENTATION
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B)
SYSTEM
PROPOTIONAL REPRESENTATION
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CHAPTER
NO. 02
STATE
STATE:
Aristotle –
State is a union
of families and village having for its end a perfect & self – sufficient
life by which we means a happy and life.
Burgur –
State is a particular
portion of mankind view as an organized unit.
Open Heim –
The state exit when a
people settle in a country under its own sovereignty.
Woodrow Wilson –
The state is people
organized for law within definite territory.
CHARECTERISTIC OF STATE:
·
Population,
Territory, Government and Sovereignty.
1. POPULATION –
Since
the state is primary a human institution. It must have a population.
There must be a
number of families. Before a state come into existence. One or two or three
hundred people cannot make a state. Eg – Cnina has more than one hundred twenty five crore of people and India has 105
crore of population. Some state like Andora has a population of 5000 only.
Monaco has a population of Twenty
Five Thousand and St. Marry has a population of Twenty Five Thousand. So
irrespective of the size of their population. They are called state. The Greek
Philosopher believed that the population neither be small nor to be big.
Though, a certain number of people
essential requirement of the state i.e population. It is there quality upon
which the strength of the state depends. People are of different types. They
are citizens, aliens and minors. They may be divided into rich & poor,
educated and uneducated, rulers and ruled male and female etc.
Therefore, equilibrium is to be
maintained between the territory resource and the population of a state.
2. TERRITORY –
Territory
is another important physical feature of state. People must live
Permanently on a
definite portion of land permanently to make a state. A private ship on the
high – sea even if it has all other attributes does not constitute a state. The
territory includes lake and rivers. It
includes not only land but also the sea up to prescribe limits. The area may be
big or small. Now a day, whether a state is small or big in territory it become
powerful provided, it has scientific and technological advancement. Eg –
countries like Britain, France, and Japan etc have become very powerful.
Though, they are very small.
Political thinkers like Plato,
Aristotle, Montesque had expressed their favor of small states. Now, the idea
of small states has become out dated and the changed conditions. The trend is
towards large states.
3. GOVERNMENT –
Government
is another important element of state. The state cannot exist in the absence of
government. Government is the political organization of the state set up to
direct, regulate and control means active to enable them to live together
harmoniously and constructively and to solve their common problems and
effectively. In the actual practice it is the government which is really
important and it is with their people come into direct contact and has their
dealing.
4. SOVEREIGNTY –
Are
further divided in to two parts:
1)
External
2)
Internal
Internal
Sovereignty:
Those who do not obey the law frame
by the government are punished.
External
Sovereignty:
External Sovereignty means that the
state is free to make its foreign policy without its external pressure. Externally
the country should be completely free from foreign control and diclation and
decision.
Professor Berger says, all
comprehensiveness, exclusiveness and permanence are the peculiars
characteristic of the state with sovereignty and more essential principles
5. ASSOCIATION –
I.
To constitute and association,
there must be first group of people.
II.
There people must be organized
III.
They must have a common purpose to
pursue. For example – Family, Chruch, Trade Union, Chamber of Commerce, Music
Club etc.
A. Base of Association –
1)
Political Base
2)
Social
3)
Economic
4)
Religious
B. Definition of Association –
McIber
– An organization deliberately from for the collective, pursuit of some
interest or set of interest which the members of his share. It terms as an
association.
Borgardus
– Association is usually a working together of people to achieve some purposes.
C. Characteristic of Association
–
I.
Human group:
An
association is created by Human beings for the definite objects.
II.
Common interest and Aim:
An
association is not a mere conglomeration of human beings but of individual who
have some aim or end in common.
III.
Co-operative spirit:
In
an association, people work together with co-operative spirit to achieve some
common purpose
IV.
Organization:
Association is a
group of person who are organized in order to complete some specific work. For
example - trade union & political parties.
V.
Establishment:
Association
is constituted of that group of individual who are organized in order to
complete specific work.
VI.
Law:
The
organization of association resists upon a particular set of law and members of
those associations have to follow the rules & regulations on which the
associations are formed.
DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN STATE AND GOVERNMENT –
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STATE
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GOVERNMENT
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1
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The
state consist of all the citizens, state is broader.
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1
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Government
is a body of some citizens. Government is a narrow.
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2
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The
state has four essential elements
a) Population
b) Territory
c) Government
d) Sovereignty
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2
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Government
is one of the elements of the state. The state operates true government.
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3
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State
is a permanent political institution
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3
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Government
is not a permanent organization. It is temporary & subject to change.
Election & revolution can change the government.
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4
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State
powers are original, unlimited, fundamental & primary.
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4
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Government
has only limited powers delegated by the state.
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5
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Sovereignty
is an essential attribute of the state.
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5
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Government
does not possess sovereignty. It acts on behalf of the state.
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6
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It
does not different from
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6
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Government
has many forms such as democratic parliamentary & presidential.
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CHAPTER
NO. 01
DEFINATION
& SCOPE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
ARISTOTLE
IS THE FATHER OF POLITICAL SCIENCE:
The
term political science is first used by Aristotle. Aristotle was the first
thinker to make use of the term politics in his treaties. (Being the same title)
on the state. The term politics is derived from the Latin word ‘Politicers’
which is termed is derived from the Greek word “polis” which means city and
state. Politics is the subject dealing with the activity of city & state.
The Greek used the term politica to describe the totality of the state
phenomena and the numerous activity and affair of police.
ORGANISATION
AND ACTIVITY OF GOVERNMENT:
In
his political science, R. G Cattle points out that “subject dealing with
association of human beings that form political union with the organization of
their government and with the activity of that government in making and
administering law & carrying on international relation.
POLITICAL
POWER AND CENTRAL OF STUDY:
Cemerria,
H.D Lasswell, Max Weber, F. W. Walk Kings, Banthen Hussain. The political power
is at the centre of the study of political science. A social science which is
dynamic in nature. The power consent emphasize the tremendous important of the
study and exercise the political power. Lasswell and Herrema Board to extent of
regarding the subject as a science of power.
CRITICISM
OF POWER CONCEPT:
The
power concept has been criticized by several concepts as it does not correctly
define political science. It is too narrow and it is likely to mislead the
student of political science into the believe that the political science is
nothing but the subject concerned with the struggle of political power. It should
be remember that it is political science power regarded only as an instrument
for releasing the purpose for which the state has been formed and should not be
considered as an end in itself. Political power it centers distribution of
power and other topics connected with it form early in small part of what in
study of political science. Political activity and principal of government. G.
E. Catlin in his principal defines political science “political science means
either the activity of political science and that activity and these activity
are generally treated as the activities of the various organs of government
(1930).
SCOPE OF
POLITICAL SCIENCE:
1. Study of scope and
government –
Despite the imperious in
definition ambiguity and controversy
Regarding
the exact boundaries of political science. It is possible to fix the scope of
political science. Here, a reference would be made to the view of Laskin
Gettell who adopted realistic approach says that political science studies both
state & government. Infect, no study of state is possible without
government and vice versa. Political science is primerally concerned with the
study of the problem of the state and government.
Political science is a wide and
comprehensive term which includes study of the origin of stage. The various
stage of evolution development of state (from tribal state to national state)
the attribute of a state, law ends function of the state. The individual’s
obligation and right (government – legislature, electorate, judiciary,
administration, political parties, public opinion, local government,
international organization and other topics)
The political scientist drawn up the
broad principal for the function of state and government applies ethical and
other norms. He tries to give shape to the state in which the primary aim of
achieving human welfare can be released.
2. DYNAMIC STATE:
Political science should not only
deal with the structure aspect of state but also with its dynamic. A state
which works on is in action as to be dynamic, it can never remain static. Many
changes some of them sweeping took place since the state long over. The
principle of government has been changing from time to time. The state today is
different from it was about 2000 years ago. In ancient time, there were tribal
kingdom in city and states but today there is nation state. In the remote
passed, the individuals have no right as such accuses the state like the
individual in modern democratic state.
SCOPE OF SUBJECT BROADENED:
In
the life of the change condition in the modern time, the scope of political
science has made and widen by scholar. Who filled the man’s social life being
an integrated whole. Any change in man social environment if bound to have
reputition of man political life.
SCOPE MAKE
BY UNESCO
Political
science who made in September 1948 under the UNESCO marked out the scope of
subject. According to them the political science included the study of first
political theory.
1)
Political institution
2) Political
parties
3) International relations.
THE
DETAILS ARE AS FOLLOWS:
Under
the first caption, the history of political theory and political ideas is
studies. Under the second head, political institution, a study of constitution,
national, government, regional & local, public administration, economic and
social function of government and comparative political institution has been
made. Under the third title political parties, groups and association,
participation of citizens in public administration and public opinion are
discussed. Under the last title international organization and administration
& international law are dealt with.
MEANING OF SOCIETY –
Society is a very large group of man
and woman in which there are several relatively small groups. Society in terms
with which designated the whole network of many types of relationship. Within
the large social frame work, we find family, class, caste, club, trade union,
school, church, fine arts circle, chamber of commerce, political party and many
other groups.
MEANING OF STATE –
When a society is recognized on a
political basis in a given territory and when human beings comes together for a
common purpose to have common court of behavior or for respective of common set
of law the state is form. Thus, a state is politically organized society in a
certain territory.
Aristotle says that state is a
natural and necessary institution.
TERRITORY, LAW &
SOVEREIGNTY –
Philimore the English jurist
pinpoints in his definition territory, law & sovereignty “he says that
state is a people occupy a fix territory” a people occupy fix territory bound
together by common habit & custom into one body politics, exercising
through the medium of an organized medium, independent sovereignty.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOCIETY
AND STATE -
Greek in their ancient city states
wrong, no kind of difference between society and state. In modern, state
governed by dictators like Hitler also the distinction is not determined.
Generally a clear difference between
the two is made and held in modern state. The following points of difference
between society & state is to be noted.
1)
Society arouse much earlier than
state.
2)
Society consists of a large network
of many kind of human relationship. It is not bound by any territorial
frontiers, but state is a politically organize society which clearly mark
territorial limits.
3)
Every society has territorial as
one of its element, but the society does not have any of the features.
4)
Society is governed by
unthreatened costumes. The violation if which is not punished but state is
governed by written law. Violation of this punished in the court. This is
because society has no sovereignty on cohesive power which the state alone
posses. Government is a cohesive machinery of the state.
5)
Society which has many kinds of
groups and association & many kinds of relation is wider than a state which
exists within a frame work of the society.
6)
Society with its numerous groups
and organization has various purpose and objects state is only a single
politically organized has only one purpose upholding the performance system of
law.
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF THE
STATE –
After
examine several important definition of state, we conclude that state has four
essential constituent elements or attributes.
1)
Population
2)
Territory
3)
Government
4)
Sovereignty
i.
POPULATION
–
Population
is very essential element of state. It is obvious that there can
be no state
without population. State is meant for human being and not vice- versa.
Population is a basic requirement.
a. Size of population –
No
hard & fast rule can be made out about exact population
of the state
should have J. W. Garner says “ the nearest approach to save rule is to say
that population must be sufficient to provide governing body in a number of
person to be governed and of course sufficient to support state government”
b. Nature and characteristic of
people –
It can make or mar a state. While sikh is
going alsi physically weak, illiterate, ignorant, mentally backward and
lenthegic people can hardly build a flourishing state. Healthy and physically
strong state diligent, intelligent & educate, discipline and dynamic people
can make state truly great.
Aristotle wisely says that, only good citizen
makes a goof state, whereas bad citizen makes a bad state. India has a large
population for beyond have national means. The defect of planning on large
scale is literalized by the phenomenon increase in population. Japan, German
& Jews are explain of people who made a tremendous progress in all field
and owned the economics of people all over the world by their extra ordinary
intelligent & hand work in spite of having otts.
ii.
TERRITORY
–
Like
population is fixed territory is essential to state. Obviously there
Cannot be a state
without territory which is a basic requirement. Mere political unity and desire
to form a state are not enough people need actual territory to live and
organize them politically into a state.
Meaning –
The word
territory includes the surface of land. The sub soil, lakes, rivers and also
airspace above the land within the well defined boundaries. Generally territory
means contiguous territory but there are exceptions.
Traditionally,
the distance frontiers of state extended over distance of 3 miles of the sea
from the coast line, but the recent year the state have unilaterally extended
their sovereign peak, far beyond the traditional distance. The sovereignty of
state is also applicable to the airspace above. The distance in the seas and in
the air over which the sovereignty of state can be extended. With the
sovereignty of state, it has not fixed by agreement among state.
The
basic factor of natural resources –
Progress of state
is depending much upon its natural resources. A small territory with ample of
water supply, great mineral, and weather and excess to the sea is much better
than a larger but towards territory which is land lord size has no value. If territory
is sandy and swanky.
iii. GOVRNMENT –
Government
which is ruling over managing bodies is the instrument or
machinery used by
the state to express its will enforce it an act. All people in a state cannot
be a ruling body to enforce the will of the state. Only some of the persons are
interested with the work of acting for and on behalf of a state. The person
from the machinery called the government. The term government was originally
derived from Latin term “Guberanculan” meaning the device require for staring a
vessel. A state cannot function without the government machinery. There is
different form of government democratic, republic, military, despotic,
monarchical and so on. A modern government has mainly three branches, executive,
legislative and judiciary.
DUTIES
–
Maintain law and order, punishing
the law breaker and meeting out justice protecting the law abiding and
promoting the general welfare of people are the duties of the government.
iv.
SOVEREIGNTY
–
Which
is worth constituent element of the state which means supreme power? It manifests
itself in the internal and external field. Internal it means the supreme power
of state to regulate, control, cohere and punish all the individual or group of
individual or association within the territorial limits of the state.
Externally it means stand for complete independent. A state is external spear
does not take order from any foreign state or power. However in the
international field, a state may subject itself to treaties agreement and other
obligation but these are accepted on a strike voluntary base. The U.S.A and
U.S.S.R and India or Bharat are explain of full fledge state having the entire
four constituent element including sovereignty.
Comprehensive, Exclusive and
Permanent:
Sovereignty
can be regarded as comprehensive, exclusive & permanent supreme power of
the state; it may be regarded as the sole of the state. Whereas state use
sovereignty it seize to be a state and relearned to position of other
organization and association
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STATE AND
GOVERNMENT –
Following are the difference between state and government:
1)
State is the whole and government
is only its part or one of its elements.
2)
State stand for entire community
or whole population within the territory limits. Whereas government means only
a group of person authorized to wield legitimate cohesive power on behalf of
state.
3)
Sovereignty or supreme power is
rested in the whole state government only derived it from a state and exercise
it on behalf of the state.
4)
Comparatively speaking, state is
an abstract concept on the other hand government is smoothing that is concerned
obviously the term government of India is concrete when compared with the
relatively abstract term, state of India are republic of India.
5)
State is relatively permanent
government is not government are relatively temporary as they may change or
fall according to general election result or some other cause, unlike
government. State enjoys continuity as long as its builds sovereignty.
STATE AND ASSOCIATION –
MEANING OF ASSOCIATION:
An association is a group of people
who organize themselves for realizing certain specific objective according to
certain rule and procedure mutually agreed upon. It is an organize group which
clear but aims and with well define method of achieving them. They render
useful service to the member and make life easier and better to the member.
G.D.H. Cole and other the role of association and society an agree for arming
them with sovereignty as in their opinion they are not less important than a
state.
