POLITICAL SCIENCE SEM II - CHAPTER 1 AND 2

SUBJECT

 POLITICAL SCIENCE

PORTION

01	CHAPTER NO.1	DEFINATION AND SCOPE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
02	CHAPTER NO. 2	STATE
		A)   MEANING OF STATE
		B)   DEFINATION AND CONSTITUENT ELEMENT OF STATE
		C)   STATE WITH REFERENCE TO SOCIETY
		D)   ASSOCIATION AND GOVERNMENT
03	CHAPTER NO. 3	SOVEREIGNTY
		A)   MEANING
		B)   DEFINATION AND CHARACTERISTIC OF SOVEREIGNTY
		C)   AUSTIN THEORY OF SOVEREIGNTY
		D)   PULARISTIC THERORY OF SOVEREIGNTY
04	CHAPTER NO. 4	MAIN CURRENT OF WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGH
		A)   PLATO’S IDEA STATE AND ARISTOTLE CLASSIFICATION OF STATE
		B)   MCCULAY VIEW STATE CRAPT
05	CHAPTER NO. 5	SECTION II – ORGANISATION OF GOVERNMENT
		A)   UNITARY AND FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
		B)   PARLIAMENTRY AND PRESIDENCIAL PART OF GOVERNMENT
06	CHAPTER NO. 6	JUDICIARY
		A)   FUNCTION AND ROLE
		B)   THE PRINCIPAL AND PRESIDENCIAL PART OF GOVERNMENT
		C)   THE DOCTRINE REVIEW
07	CHAPTER NO. 7	BASE OF REPRESENTATION
		A)   TERITORIAL OF REPRESENTATION
		B)   SYSTEM PROPOTIONAL REPRESENTATION

CHAPTER NO. 02

STATE

STATE:

Aristotle –

State is a union of families and village having for its end a perfect & self – sufficient life by which we means a happy and life.

Burgur –

                        State is a particular portion of mankind view as an organized unit.

Open Heim –

                        The state exit when a people settle in a country under its own sovereignty.

Woodrow Wilson –

                        The state is people organized for law within definite territory.

CHARECTERISTIC OF STATE:

·         Population, Territory, Government and Sovereignty.

1.   POPULATION –

Since the state is primary a human institution. It must have a population.

There must be a number of families. Before a state come into existence. One or two or three hundred people cannot make a state. Eg – Cnina has more than one hundred  twenty five crore of people and India has 105 crore of population. Some state like Andora has a population of 5000 only.

            Monaco has a population of Twenty Five Thousand and St. Marry has a population of Twenty Five Thousand. So irrespective of the size of their population. They are called state. The Greek Philosopher believed that the population neither be small nor to be big.

            Though, a certain number of people essential requirement of the state i.e population. It is there quality upon which the strength of the state depends. People are of different types. They are citizens, aliens and minors. They may be divided into rich & poor, educated and uneducated, rulers and ruled male and female etc.

            Therefore, equilibrium is to be maintained between the territory resource and the population of a state.

2.   TERRITORY –

Territory is another important physical feature of state. People must live

Permanently on a definite portion of land permanently to make a state. A private ship on the high – sea even if it has all other attributes does not constitute a state. The territory includes lake and rivers.  It includes not only land but also the sea up to prescribe limits. The area may be big or small. Now a day, whether a state is small or big in territory it become powerful provided, it has scientific and technological advancement.  Eg – countries like Britain, France, and Japan etc have become very powerful. Though, they are very small.

            Political thinkers like Plato, Aristotle, Montesque had expressed their favor of small states. Now, the idea of small states has become out dated and the changed conditions. The trend is towards large states.

3.   GOVERNMENT –

Government is another important element of state. The state cannot exist in the absence of government. Government is the political organization of the state set up to direct, regulate and control means active to enable them to live together harmoniously and constructively and to solve their common problems and effectively. In the actual practice it is the government which is really important and it is with their people come into direct contact and has their dealing.

4.   SOVEREIGNTY –

Are further divided in to two parts:

1)    External

2)    Internal

Internal Sovereignty:

            Those who do not obey the law frame by the government are punished.

External Sovereignty:

            External Sovereignty means that the state is free to make its foreign policy without its external pressure. Externally the country should be completely free from foreign control and diclation and decision.

            Professor Berger says, all comprehensiveness, exclusiveness and permanence are the peculiars characteristic of the state with sovereignty and more essential principles

5.   ASSOCIATION –

                                      I.        To constitute and association, there must be first group of people.

                                    II.        There people must be organized

                                   III.        They must have a common purpose to pursue. For example – Family, Chruch, Trade Union, Chamber of Commerce, Music Club etc.

A.  Base of Association –

1)    Political Base

2)    Social

3)    Economic

4)    Religious

B.  Definition of Association –

McIber – An organization deliberately from for the collective, pursuit of some interest or set of interest which the members of his share. It terms as an association.

Borgardus – Association is usually a working together of people to achieve some purposes.

C.  Characteristic of Association –

                                      I.        Human group:

An association is created by Human beings for the definite objects.

                                    II.        Common interest and Aim:

An association is not a mere conglomeration of human beings but of individual who have some aim or end in common.

                                   III.        Co-operative spirit:

In an association, people work together with co-operative spirit to achieve some common purpose

                                  IV.        Organization:

Association is a group of person who are organized in order to complete some specific work. For example - trade union & political parties.

                                   V.        Establishment:

Association is constituted of that group of individual who are organized in order to complete specific work.

                                  VI.        Law:

The organization of association resists upon a particular set of law and members of those associations have to follow the rules & regulations on which the associations are formed.

            DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STATE AND GOVERNMENT –

STATE		GOVERNMENT
1	The state consist of all the citizens, state is broader.	1	Government is a body of some citizens. Government is a narrow.
2	The state has four essential elements a)    Population b)    Territory c)    Government d)    Sovereignty	2	Government is one of the elements of the state. The state operates true government.
3	State is a permanent political institution	3	Government is not a permanent organization. It is temporary & subject to change. Election & revolution can change the government.
4	State powers are original, unlimited, fundamental & primary.	4	Government has only limited powers delegated by the state.
5	Sovereignty is an essential attribute of the state.	5	Government does not possess sovereignty. It acts on behalf of the state.
6	It does not different from	6	Government has many forms such as democratic parliamentary & presidential.

           

CHAPTER NO. 01

DEFINATION & SCOPE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

ARISTOTLE IS THE FATHER OF POLITICAL SCIENCE:

            The term political science is first used by Aristotle. Aristotle was the first thinker to make use of the term politics in his treaties. (Being the same title) on the state. The term politics is derived from the Latin word ‘Politicers’ which is termed is derived from the Greek word “polis” which means city and state. Politics is the subject dealing with the activity of city & state. The Greek used the term politica to describe the totality of the state phenomena and the numerous activity and affair of police.

ORGANISATION AND ACTIVITY OF GOVERNMENT:

            In his political science, R. G Cattle points out that “subject dealing with association of human beings that form political union with the organization of their government and with the activity of that government in making and administering law & carrying on international relation.

POLITICAL POWER AND CENTRAL OF STUDY:

            Cemerria, H.D Lasswell, Max Weber, F. W. Walk Kings, Banthen Hussain. The political power is at the centre of the study of political science. A social science which is dynamic in nature. The power consent emphasize the tremendous important of the study and exercise the political power. Lasswell and Herrema Board to extent of regarding the subject as a science of power.

CRITICISM OF POWER CONCEPT:

            The power concept has been criticized by several concepts as it does not correctly define political science. It is too narrow and it is likely to mislead the student of political science into the believe that the political science is nothing but the subject concerned with the struggle of political power. It should be remember that it is political science power regarded only as an instrument for releasing the purpose for which the state has been formed and should not be considered as an end in itself. Political power it centers distribution of power and other topics connected with it form early in small part of what in study of political science. Political activity and principal of government. G. E. Catlin in his principal defines political science “political science means either the activity of political science and that activity and these activity are generally treated as the activities of the various organs of government (1930).

SCOPE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE:

1.   Study of scope and government –

Despite the imperious in definition ambiguity and controversy

Regarding the exact boundaries of political science. It is possible to fix the scope of political science. Here, a reference would be made to the view of Laskin Gettell who adopted realistic approach says that political science studies both state & government. Infect, no study of state is possible without government and vice versa. Political science is primerally concerned with the study of the problem of the state and government.

            Political science is a wide and comprehensive term which includes study of the origin of stage. The various stage of evolution development of state (from tribal state to national state) the attribute of a state, law ends function of the state. The individual’s obligation and right (government – legislature, electorate, judiciary, administration, political parties, public opinion, local government, international organization and other topics)

            The political scientist drawn up the broad principal for the function of state and government applies ethical and other norms. He tries to give shape to the state in which the primary aim of achieving human welfare can be released.

2.   DYNAMIC STATE:

Political science should not only deal with the structure aspect of state but also with its dynamic. A state which works on is in action as to be dynamic, it can never remain static. Many changes some of them sweeping took place since the state long over. The principle of government has been changing from time to time. The state today is different from it was about 2000 years ago. In ancient time, there were tribal kingdom in city and states but today there is nation state. In the remote passed, the individuals have no right as such accuses the state like the individual in modern democratic state.

           

SCOPE OF SUBJECT BROADENED:      

            In the life of the change condition in the modern time, the scope of political science has made and widen by scholar. Who filled the man’s social life being an integrated whole. Any change in man social environment if bound to have reputition of man political life.

SCOPE MAKE BY UNESCO

            Political science who made in September 1948 under the UNESCO marked out the scope of subject. According to them the political science included the study of first political theory.

1)     Political institution

2)    Political parties

3)    International relations.

THE DETAILS ARE AS FOLLOWS:

            Under the first caption, the history of political theory and political ideas is studies. Under the second head, political institution, a study of constitution, national, government, regional & local, public administration, economic and social function of government and comparative political institution has been made. Under the third title political parties, groups and association, participation of citizens in public administration and public opinion are discussed. Under the last title international organization and administration & international law are dealt with.

MEANING OF SOCIETY –

            Society is a very large group of man and woman in which there are several relatively small groups. Society in terms with which designated the whole network of many types of relationship. Within the large social frame work, we find family, class, caste, club, trade union, school, church, fine arts circle, chamber of commerce, political party and many other groups.

MEANING OF STATE –

            When a society is recognized on a political basis in a given territory and when human beings comes together for a common purpose to have common court of behavior or for respective of common set of law the state is form. Thus, a state is politically organized society in a certain territory.

            Aristotle says that state is a natural and necessary institution.

TERRITORY, LAW & SOVEREIGNTY –

            Philimore the English jurist pinpoints in his definition territory, law & sovereignty “he says that state is a people occupy a fix territory” a people occupy fix territory bound together by common habit & custom into one body politics, exercising through the medium of an organized medium, independent sovereignty.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOCIETY AND STATE -

            Greek in their ancient city states wrong, no kind of difference between society and state. In modern, state governed by dictators like Hitler also the distinction is not determined.

            Generally a clear difference between the two is made and held in modern state. The following points of difference between society & state is to be noted.

1)    Society arouse much earlier than state.

2)    Society consists of a large network of many kind of human relationship. It is not bound by any territorial frontiers, but state is a politically organize society which clearly mark territorial limits.

3)    Every society has territorial as one of its element, but the society does not have any of the features.

4)    Society is governed by unthreatened costumes. The violation if which is not punished but state is governed by written law. Violation of this punished in the court. This is because society has no sovereignty on cohesive power which the state alone posses. Government is a cohesive machinery of the state.

5)    Society which has many kinds of groups and association & many kinds of relation is wider than a state which exists within a frame work of the society.

6)    Society with its numerous groups and organization has various purpose and objects state is only a single politically organized has only one purpose upholding the performance system of law.

ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF THE STATE –

After examine several important definition of state, we conclude that state has four essential constituent elements or attributes.

1)    Population

2)    Territory

3)    Government

4)    Sovereignty

    i.      POPULATION –

Population is very essential element of state. It is obvious that there can

be no state without population. State is meant for human being and not vice- versa. Population is a basic requirement.

a.   Size of population –

No hard & fast rule can be made out about exact population

of the state should have J. W. Garner says “ the nearest approach to save rule is to say that population must be sufficient to provide governing body in a number of person to be governed and of course sufficient to support state government”

b.   Nature and characteristic of people –

It can make or mar a state. While sikh is going alsi physically weak, illiterate, ignorant, mentally backward and lenthegic people can hardly build a flourishing state. Healthy and physically strong state diligent, intelligent & educate, discipline and dynamic people can make state truly great.

Aristotle wisely says that, only good citizen makes a goof state, whereas bad citizen makes a bad state. India has a large population for beyond have national means. The defect of planning on large scale is literalized by the phenomenon increase in population. Japan, German & Jews are explain of people who made a tremendous progress in all field and owned the economics of people all over the world by their extra ordinary intelligent & hand work in spite of having otts.

   ii.      TERRITORY –

Like population is fixed territory is essential to state. Obviously there

Cannot be a state without territory which is a basic requirement. Mere political unity and desire to form a state are not enough people need actual territory to live and organize them politically into a state.

Meaning –

The word territory includes the surface of land. The sub soil, lakes, rivers and also airspace above the land within the well defined boundaries. Generally territory means contiguous territory but there are exceptions.

Traditionally, the distance frontiers of state extended over distance of 3 miles of the sea from the coast line, but the recent year the state have unilaterally extended their sovereign peak, far beyond the traditional distance. The sovereignty of state is also applicable to the airspace above. The distance in the seas and in the air over which the sovereignty of state can be extended. With the sovereignty of state, it has not fixed by agreement among state.

The basic factor of natural resources –

Progress of state is depending much upon its natural resources. A small territory with ample of water supply, great mineral, and weather and excess to the sea is much better than a larger but towards territory which is land lord size has no value. If territory is sandy and swanky.

 iii.      GOVRNMENT –

Government which is ruling over managing bodies is the instrument or

machinery used by the state to express its will enforce it an act. All people in a state cannot be a ruling body to enforce the will of the state. Only some of the persons are interested with the work of acting for and on behalf of a state. The person from the machinery called the government. The term government was originally derived from Latin term “Guberanculan” meaning the device require for staring a vessel. A state cannot function without the government machinery. There is different form of government democratic, republic, military, despotic, monarchical and so on. A modern government has mainly three branches, executive, legislative and judiciary.

DUTIES –

            Maintain law and order, punishing the law breaker and meeting out justice protecting the law abiding and promoting the general welfare of people are the duties of the government.

  iv.      SOVEREIGNTY –

Which is worth constituent element of the state which means supreme power? It manifests itself in the internal and external field. Internal it means the supreme power of state to regulate, control, cohere and punish all the individual or group of individual or association within the territorial limits of the state. Externally it means stand for complete independent. A state is external spear does not take order from any foreign state or power. However in the international field, a state may subject itself to treaties agreement and other obligation but these are accepted on a strike voluntary base. The U.S.A and U.S.S.R and India or Bharat are explain of full fledge state having the entire four constituent element including sovereignty.

Comprehensive, Exclusive and Permanent:

Sovereignty can be regarded as comprehensive, exclusive & permanent supreme power of the state; it may be regarded as the sole of the state. Whereas state use sovereignty it seize to be a state and relearned to position of other organization and association

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STATE AND GOVERNMENT –

          Following are the difference between state and government:

1)    State is the whole and government is only its part or one of its elements.

2)    State stand for entire community or whole population within the territory limits. Whereas government means only a group of person authorized to wield legitimate cohesive power on behalf of state.

3)    Sovereignty or supreme power is rested in the whole state government only derived it from a state and exercise it on behalf of the state.

4)    Comparatively speaking, state is an abstract concept on the other hand government is smoothing that is concerned obviously the term government of India is concrete when compared with the relatively abstract term, state of India are republic of India.

5)    State is relatively permanent government is not government are relatively temporary as they may change or fall according to general election result or some other cause, unlike government. State enjoys continuity as long as its builds sovereignty.

STATE AND ASSOCIATION –

MEANING OF ASSOCIATION:

            An association is a group of people who organize themselves for realizing certain specific objective according to certain rule and procedure mutually agreed upon. It is an organize group which clear but aims and with well define method of achieving them. They render useful service to the member and make life easier and better to the member. G.D.H. Cole and other the role of association and society an agree for arming them with sovereignty as in their opinion they are not less important than a state.