CHAPTER NO. 3
POLITICAL PARTIES PRESSURE
GOURPS & LOBBIES –
Q1.
What is the meaning of political
parties ?
Ans. In today’s world political
parties are being studied. This study of political party in modern and
scientific manner is called “statciology”. Political parties is a group of
people with common view, idea and ideology. Coming together to serve the nation
and the society to form political party. The origin of political party. The
origin of political party is very ancient not all people has same view or
opinion on any matter while some people don’t want any changes. This is human
nature since ancient times, some parties perform by people for joining economic
parties. Some political parties are based communal and religion lines. Thus, it
can be also said that, feeling for communal and religious parties for also need
to formation of political parties.
Some political parties are also based on
ideology in there aims and objectives.
Q2. Conditions for formation of political
parties –
Ans.
1) Democracy –
Essential
condition for formation of any political parties. Is that it be a democratic
form of government. It should become in liberty of individual.
2) National
Interest –
Individual
thinking of political parties should have national interest in them. They
should be ready to serve the nation whenever needed. They should be loyal to
the nation.
3) Individual who think to make political
party, should be ready to capture ultimate power, but by peaceful means.
4) Interest in politics –
The people who want to start
political party should have interest in politics they should have desire to
actively participate in political activities.
Q3. What are the kinds of political parties?
Ans.
1) Conservative –
This
type of political parties desire to conserve the existing institution it wants
to go backward to changes.
2)
Liberal –
This
party wants to perform the existing institution and it welcomes changes.
3)
Reactionary –
Reactionary
means this parties wants to review the old institution and believes.
4) Radical –
This party wants a fast changes
and reforms.
5) Leftest and Rightest –
The leftist parties are those who
work for radical changes. And the rightest parties are those who want to move
slowly
Q4. Revaluation
of political parties –
Ans.
Merits
–
1) Without political party’s individual
would become very week it test political party
which gives strength to individual
and arise to serve his problem.
2) Political party aims at creating common
national interest. Political parties have clear
cut picture about national party
which they place before the public.
3) Political party helps in educated the
masses. They provide better services to the
educational institutions. Political
party by using various methods places before the
public all the principles and the
policies.
4) Political party brings about change in
the government through the peaceful means
all the matters were settle by
discussion. Political party believes in exchange of
ideas and opinions.
Demerits
–
1)
Political party creates a division among the
masses. Some parties try to divide the
Party on religious and communal
base, they avoid developing a good national
Attitude.
2)
Political parties which have a craze for
power have led to the birth of power crazy
politicians. The aim of such parties
is to achieve power by any means.
3)
Corruption and bribery is also one of the
most important draw back which is
supported by such political party. A
party may use all its strength to favour few
people at the cost of country. Some
parties also used any method to win the
elections.
4. Some
political party can even grabs power and divert it into doctorial manner.
Q5. Function of Political Parties –
Ans.
The political parties play the role of brokers of ideas.
A political party must clearly stand policies and principles it should value
the objective for the people a state is the society of societies. As it enables
an individual to realize himself. The state is not bound by force but by the
will. Will is the basic of the state. The chief function of the state is to
uphold the rights of individual and slow their problem. The state must also use
force if necessary to remove the hindrance from the way of any individual who
wants to improve his personality. Every individual has the right to resist the
laws of state of they go against his right and they are unjust and unfair.
Every individual has the right to resist depending on the national right
recognized by social consciousness. The state can punish the criminals who are
antisocial elements and who can create obstacles for the freedom of others. The
main aim of law should be remove crime and reform the criminals.
CHAPTER NO. 4
COMMUNISM
Q1.
What is communism and principal of
communism?
Ans. Communism is a form of socialism. The
ideology of communism favours equal distribution of wealth and state ownership
of means of production. Fradrick Engles and Carl Mark introduced communism.
Carl mark address to the workers of the world in 1848 to unit as they have
nothing to lose, he established in 1864 the international working men
organization for about 34 years maximum leaves in exile in England.
Principal of
Communism or Principal of Carl Mark are as follows –
Theory of philosophical
materialism the world is by nature material and the different phenomena’s are
the different form of matters. The material life of society depends upon the
method of securing means of livelihood. The material life of society is primary
and spiritual life is secondary.
Matter
primary and kind secondary –
Unlike the idealist who believed in existence of mind.
Materialist thought that the matter existence independent of or outside mind.
Matter is active and self-determination. It carries itself enough energy to
transform itself.
War
between classes –
The idea of class war emerges from the theory of
interpretation of history, directical materialism etc. marks says that
according to law of history a particular class hold and control means of
production and thus it exploits rest of the people. This class uses the state
in exploiting the people. History represents two classes the capitalist or the workers
and the exploited on other side. History represents nothing but a war between
classes. Hence, thesis and anti-thesis can be noted. Between the classes there
is hatred and this hatred will continue till the classes exist.
Law
of concentration of capital –
Capital is in the
hands of few people the rich becomes richer and the poor become the poorer. The
society is divided into haves and haves not. The rich multiple their capital,
but this capital remains in the hands of few capitalist is again danger to
capitalist.
Capitalist
decrease but the workers increase –
The number of capitalist in whose hands wealth is
concentrated goes on decreasing day by day. The concentration of wealth is in
the hand of capitalist as well as the big land lords. A time may come when the
workers and the framers may over through such land lords or capitalist.
A
classes society –
Mark
believes that a classless society may end the problem of capitalism. Abolish
all the rights of inheritance. Seized all the capitalist property with brain
equal will bring equality in the society. In temporary face the labor should be
paid according to the work done.
Religion
opium of people –
Religion can be or is used for the tools of exploitation,
he believe that man created religion. Religion did not create man. He link
religion with capitalist exploitation, he strongly believe that religion was
the strongest tool to deceive people.
Q2.
What is evaluation of Markism?
Ans.
Merits –
Millions of people got the way of leaving by Carl Mark
theory and his teachings. It is strange yet but true that Mark was unwillingly
supported by capitalist as they believe that there refusal through except is
leading would be dangerous. In 1917 the Nicolas Second of Russian who refused
and but continued to exploit the people lost his power and life. In many
countries in which worker were shamelessly exploited. They worked in need of a
true leader and Carl Mark emerged as a savior for them. All through his
teachings and some drawbacks he gave a new spirit to unit. He created in the
mind of capitalist a terrible night mare. Workers all over the world got relief
through reforms laid by Carl Mark.
Demerits –
Materialistic
of history wrong –
The materialistic interpretation of history is wrong
because it consider religion, language, politics, arts, science. Insufficient
the Marks approach is very narrow as it pays more attention only on the
material condition of individual life.
History is nothing but a record of wars between have and
have not accordingly. The concept of class war is artificial and it is aimed
more at capturing the minds of workers. It is also wrong to say that it is used
as an instrument of exploitation. Many examples are given which prove that
state is harmless body and they do not exploit the people.
Injustice to
religion –
Marks did a great injustice to religion as he declared
religion as a opium to people. He unfairly described religion as means of
exploitation. No one can deny the importance of religion as every individual
gets it spiritual satisfaction through religion.
Chapter no. 5
Theory of Punishment –
Q1. What are the theory of Punishment.
Explain?
Ans. With the changing social structure of the
society. We have witness that many changes in the theories of punishment. The
ends of criminal justice are four in numbers. And punishment can be divided as
–
1. Deterrent theory – (severest punishment)
2. Retributive theory – (eye for and eye)
3. Preventive theory – (to stop)
4. Reformative theory – (improvement)
I.
Deterrent
Theory –
The
basic idea of deterrent theory is to stop the offender from committing crimes.
Pleasure and the pain are the two feelings with that nature has provided to
mankind. To enable him to do something or to stop him from doing something.
This theory of punishment believes in the fact that severe punishment should be
inflicted to the offenders. Those who commit crime it is assumed that they
derive a satisfaction by committing a crime. They get a feeling of enjoyment
when they are let free and the victim suffers mentally. Deterrent theory
believes that only strict punishment can improve a criminal in social life.
Punishment gives a element of pain to correct the wrong action of offenders.
In
earlier days a criminal act was consider to be due to the influence of some
evil spirit on the offender of which he was unwillingly was made to do that
wrong.
II.
Retributive
Theory –
Eye
for an eye would be making the world blind said Mahatma Gandhi, the harshest
theory in the history of punishment was Retributive theory. This theory works
on the idea of revenge rather than that of social welfare and security. Punishment
to the offender gives a relief to the victims and his family.
This
theory is based on the principle as the utilitarian theory. Both this theory
involves harsh punishment that control such emotion, action, this control also
our sense of hatred towards the criminal. Judicial punishment can never to use
as means to promote some other good for criminal himself or civil society but
instead in all cases be imposed on him only on the grounds that he have
committed only.
The
doctrine of hell was framed in terms of Retributive theory. This theory has
with criticized by modern day’s penologist.
III.
Preventive
Theory –
Unlike
the deterrent and retributive theory. This theory believes in improving a
criminal by preventing him from doing any other crime in future. For Eg. :- “ A
Land owner put a notice on the land, declaring that, ‘ trace passers will be
prosecuted”. Doing this, this notice work as a message to the tress passers
that he should not trespass the land or else legal action will be taken against
him. By doing this the owner helps the law itself, without bringing law in
motion. One can easily say that, although preventive theory, prevents crime to
happen in future but, some question are put by penologist who question that
crime cannot ne stopped according to this theory. The major problem with this
kind of theory are they make criminal more violent then changing into better
individual.
IV.
Reformative
Theory –
This
theory declares a starts of new era. The story of gradual renewal of man. The
story of passing from one world into another world. The story of gradual
regeneration. This theory emphasis on renewal of criminal and the beginning of
a new life for him.
It
is the most recent and human of all theory is based on the principal of
reforming the criminal it believes in removing the crime and not the criminal.
It lays importance on getting back the criminal in civilized world. It is a
fact that many of a criminal have improved and reformed. This theory condemns
of all the type of severe punishment and it emphasize on rehabilitant the
offenders and getting him back in the civilized society. It looks that the
speculation from the society as an attempt to reform them. Under this theory
many prisons have been started where they are humanly treated. This theory
deals with the correction of juvenile and first time criminals. But in case of
hard core criminals this theory have their pros and corns we all know that
truth is a stranger than fiction and so is practice of theories. We all know
that prisons are meant to be a place where criminal would be corrected but the
present are becoming side for birding and giving birth to hardcore criminals.
In many cases criminals carrying on their activity in the prisons also.
Chapter No. 6
Liberalism
Meaning
of Liberalism –
The term liberalism indicates the tendency of intending individual’s
rights and liberty against political economic or bureaucratic authority it’s
not easy to give exact meaning of liberalism. Its origin was seen in Greece.
But in Greece the liberal principal were enjoyed by everyone except women and
slaves. Liberalism rise in western Europe in the 19th century
liberalism as a reaction against the authority of feudal Lords & to an
achievement liberty can be classified as political liberty, economic liberty
etc. according to new liberalism the government does not interface or represent
a threat to the freedom of individual because the government has become
beneficial. The new liberals have change with times and
have given recognition to trade union and political equality to the weaker.
